Page 407 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

INDEX 383

Norwegian Sea paleomagnetic dating of, 63–64, 64 phasing of monsoons and, 148–149
cooling of, 316 sinking of, 313 orbital tuning, 148b–149b
18
negative δ O pulse in, 237 Ocean Drilling Project, 255 orbital-scale carbon transfers, ice cores
Nothofagus, 98, 99, 352 ocean gateways, 103–105 and, 178–179, 179
ocean general circulation models orbital-scale changes in carbon dioxide,
O (O-GCMs), 34–35, 36 179, 179–182
δ O data-model mismatch and, 84–85 δ C evidence of carbon transfer and,
18
13
changes in, correlation with Be gateway hypothesis and, 103, 104 180–181, 181, 182
10
variations, 305 ocean heat transport hypothesis, 85 fate of carbon removed from
in corals, as climatic index, 298, ocean islands atmosphere and, 179–180, 180
298–299, 300b–301b land connections between, 239, 239 orbital-scale changes in methane, 187,
deglaciation and, 234, 234, 237 sea level and, 167–168, 168, 169, 187–188
ice sheet history and, 165, 165–167, 170b–171b orbital-scale climate change, 116–205
166 volcanic eruptions in, 305 astronomical control of solar
as index of climatic change, 100, ocean reservoir, 37, 37–38 radiation and. See Earth’s orbit
100–101, 101 ocean ridges, 61, 61, 62 carbon dioxide and, 175–190
millennial oscillations and, 252–253, changes in volume of, 88, 88–89, 89 in climatic records, 132–135, 133
253, 259–260, 260 crests of, 88–89, 89 current and future, 246, 248, 248
orbital-scale climatic role of methane ocean sediments, 19–20, 20, 29, 29–31, ice sheets and. See insolation control
and, 189, 190 30 of ice sheets
in Quelccaya ice cap, 292 of Arabian Sea, 242, 243 interactions. feedbacks, and unsolved
oak trees as climate proxy, 28, 28–29, 29 problems with, 191–205
deglaciation and, 243, 244, 245 climate resolution and, 26 methane and, 175–190
during last glacial maximum, 216, dating using orbital tuning, monsoons and. See insolation control
217, 218, 218 148b–149b of monsoons
ocean(s) deposited by rivers, 109–111, 110, 111 recent warming and, 326
acidification of, 356 deposition of, 29, 29–31, 30 organic carbon, 178, 179
carbon dioxide dissolution in dust in, 214–215 Monterey hypothesis and, 112b
seawater and, 182, 182–185, 183b, in equatorial Atlantic, 146 organic carbon subcycle, 54b, 67
184 in Mediterranean Sea, 142, 142–144, oscillations
carbon pumping in, 183–184, 183b 143 Dansgaard-Oeschger, 253, 261, 266
as carbon reservoir, 180–181, 181, 182 millennial oscillations recorded in, ENSO, 299, 300b–301b, 321, 322
carbonate chemistry of, 186–187 253–255, 255 millennial. See millennial oscillations
deep, response time of, 11t 100,000-year climatic oscillations North Atlantic, 322, 324
deep-water circulation in, 185, and, 198, 199 Pacific Decadal, 321, 323
185–187, 186 uplift weathering hypothesis and, Southern, 300b–301b
deep-water circulation transfer of 109–111, 110, 111 Oscillatoria, 56
100,000-year climatic oscillations ocean surface overkill hypothesis, 284–285
by, 199 cooling of, by volcanic ash, 306 oxygen
18
18
excess carbon in, 328–329, 330 response time of, 11t δ isotope of. See δ O
future climate warming and, 351 temperatures of, since 1800s, 314, in Mediterranean Sea, 142, 142–144,
heat transport and, 267 314–315, 315 143
meltwater delivery to, 234, 234–235 ocean thermal inertia, 340, 340 ozone (O ), 332
3
seafloor spreading and, 64, 71–72, ocean trenches, 61, 62 ozone hole, 332
72–74, 74–75, 105, 105–106 Oeschger, Hans, 253
subduction in, 61 Olympic Mountains, 221 P
subsurface temperatures of, since one-way mass transfer models, 36–37, 37 Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),
1800s, 315, 315 opal shells (Si · H O), chemical 321, 323
2 2
surface temperatures of, since 1800s, weathering and, 30 Pacific Ocean
314, 314–315, 315 opaline shells, of freshwater diatoms, 144 deep-water circulation in, 186
thermal contraction of seawater and, orbital cycles, dating climate records El Niño and, 298, 299, 300b–301b,
90–91, 91b, 91t using, 24 302, 321, 322, 327, 328
warming of, sea level and, 320 orbital forcing, climate change during ENSO system and, 299, 300b–301b
warmth of 100 Myr ago and, 82 1000-1850 and, 303 heat transport and, 267
See also sea entries; specific oceans orbital monsoon hypothesis, 139, 140, Isthmus of Panama and, 103–104
ocean acidification, 351 141, 141–149, 146, 241 productivity in, 183, 184
ocean basins cave speleothems in China and Brazil sea level changes and, 266
changes in volume of, 88–90 and, 146–148, 147 temperature of, 298, 299,
sediment in, 19–20, 20, 29, 29–31, 30 insolation-driven monsoon responses 300b–301b
ocean crust, 60, 60 and, 148b–149b see also North Pacific Ocean