Page 405 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

INDEX 381

orbital-scale changes in North meltwater runoff and, 220, 221 M
African summer monsoons and, North African, 141–142, 144, macrofossils, 28
141, 141–146 144–145, 260 magnesium (Mg), as index of climatic
instrumental records, 21, 22 North African, during deglaciation, change, 101–102, 102
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 243, 244 magnetic field, of Earth, 62–63, 63
Change (IPCC), 338 100,000-year climatic oscillations magnetic lineations, 63, 64
internal chronometers, 24–25 and, 196 mammals
interstadials, 253 proglacial, 238, 238–239, 240b–242b, megafaunal extinctions and, 284,
ions 241b 284–285, 285
chemical weathering and, 30 Lake Agassiz, 238, 238–239 primitive, 274, 275
production by chemical weathering, Lake Bonneville, 220 mantle, 60, 60
48 millennial oscillations and, 257 Margulis, Lynn, 53
iridium (Ir), in meteorites, 92, 92 Lake Chad, 242 marine transgressions and regressions,
iron, rusting of, in rocks, 56 Lake Missoula, 240b, 241b 86
iron fertilization hypothesis, 184–185 lake sediments, 18–19, 19, 24–25, 25, 26 marsupials, extinction of, 284
iron sulfides, in muds of Mediterranean fluctuations in lake levels recorded Martin, John, 184
Sea, 143 by, 31 mass wasting, 77, 77
irrigation Pangaean deposition of, 150–151, Maunder sunspot minimum, 304–305
climate warming and, 355 161 Mayan civilization, 281, 282, 283
methane generation associated with, pollen in, 180 medieval warm period, 290
287, 287 land Mediterranean Sea, stinky muds in,
islands clearance of. See deforestation 142, 142–144, 143
heat, urban, 314 as climate system component, 8, 9, megafaunal extinctions, 284, 284–285,
ocean. See ocean islands 10 285
isotopes response time of, 11t Mesopotamia, civilizations of, 281–282
18
18
δ . See δ O larch trees meteorites, iridium in, 92, 92
10 Be, as solar proxy, 263–264, 305 cooling of last 50 Myr and, 99 methane (CH )
4
carbon, 178–179, 179, 264, 305 deglaciation and, 245 early anthropogenic hypothesis and,
See also δ C; radiocarbon dating tree ring studies of, 295, 295 287–288, 288
13
daughter, 21–22, 23, 23b Lasaga, Antonio, 71 in early atmosphere, 52–53
parent, 21–22, 23, 23b last glacial maximum. See glacial frozen, melting of, 347, 347b
Isthmus of Panama, 103, 104 maximum, last human activities generating, 347
Laurasia, 68 human activity and, 287, 287,
J Laurentide ice sheet, 222 330–331, 331
jet stream early thinning of, 237 ice core measurements of, 177–178,
modern versus glacial, 219, 219 ice-rafted debris in, 254, 255 178
split, 220–221, 266 melting and separation of, 285 major release 55 Myr ago, 94–95
JOIDES Resolution, 20, 20 volume of, 212, 212t orbital-scale changes in, 178, 187,
lava, 305 187–188
K molten, natural compasses and, recent warming and, 330–331, 331
Kara ice sheet, 213 62–63 rise in, 5000 years ago, 286–287, 287
volume of, 212t leaves, shape of, climate reconstruction methane clathrates, 94, 347b
Kastings, James, 52 using, 99, 99–100, 100 Mexico, Gulf of, 222
Katmai eruption, 327, 328 lemurs, 274, 275 meltwater flow into, 234
Keeling, Charles, 328 Leverrier, Urbain, 123 microbes, feeding on carbon dioxide,
Keeling, David, 177 lichen, during Little Ice Age, 290, 291, development of, 357
Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson), 5 292 Milankovitch, Milutin, 157, 165, 168,
Kelvin temperature scale, 5 life, as Earth’s thermostat, 53, 54b, 170, 171, 188, 192
Kennett, James, 103 55–57 Milankovitch theory, 157, 157,
Kepler, Johannes, 120, 194 lighthouses, rising sea levels and, 31 168–173, 169, 231
Köppen, Wladimir, 157 limestone, 30 insolation control of ice sheet size
Kutzbach, John, 139, 216 as climate archive, 20 and, 158–160, 159, 160
dissolution of, 49 millennial oscillations, 251–268
L lithosphere, 60–61 in Antarctica, 258–259, 259
La Niña, 301 Little Ice Age, 289, 290, 290, 291, 292 causes of, 261–268, 262, 263
Labrador Sea, icebergs in, 259 livestock, as methane source, 330–331, climate change during 1000-1850
lake(s) 347 and, 303
dried-out, monsoons and, 141–142 loess, 19, 19 cyclic, 261
in India, during deglaciation, 243, longwave radiation, 44 during glaciations, 252–259
244 Lovelock, James, 53, 332 greenhouse gases and, 266