Page 400 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

376 INDEX

climate change—cont’d tree rings as, 295, 295–298, COHMAP (Cooperative Holocene
since 1800s. See climate change since 296b–297b, 298 Mapping Project), data-model
1800s climate reconstruction comparisons and, 216, 216
tectonic-scale. See tectonic-scale boundary conditions in climate collisions, between continents, 62, 78,
climate change models and, 33–34 89–90, 90
climate change since 1800s, 309–324 fossil remains and, 27–29, 27–30 Colorado Plateau, Anasazi people of,
circum-Arctic warming and, 318, using tree leaf shapes, 99, 99–100, 282–283
318–319, 319 100 Columbia River, 240b
ground temperature and, 316–317, climate records compasses, natural, 62–63
317 dating using orbital cycles of Earth, conifer forests, development of, 99
ice sheets and, 319, 319–320 24 conservation efforts, 356, 356–357
mountain glaciers and, 315–316, 316 early, 299, 299, 302 continent(s)
ocean surface temperatures and, 314, instrumental, 21, 22 paleomagnetic determination of past
314–315, 315 orbital-scale changes in, 132–135, locations of, 62–63
reconstruction of sea level changes 133 separation of, 82, 82
and, 310, 310–314 proxy. See climate proxies see also specific continents
satellite observations and, 317–320 undersampling of, 134, 134–135, 279 continental collision, 62, 78, 89–90, 90
sea-level rise and, sources of, climate science continental crust, 60, 60
320–321, 320t, 321 defined, 8 silicate minerals in, 48
short-term oscillations and, 321–323, development of, 7–8, 8 thickening of, 89–90
322–324 climate simulation, 31 continental ice sheets
subsurface ocean temperatures and, see also climate model(s); specific positive feedback and, 113, 114
315, 315 climate models see also specific ice sheets
climate cooling climate system, 8–16 continental position, polar position
from anthropogenic aerosols, climate forcing and, 10, 12, 13, hypothesis and, 64–67, 65, 66, 67b
340–341, 341 112–14 control case, 31
cycles of, 13, 13 components of, 8, 9, 10 convergent margins, 61, 62
Little Ice Age and, 289, 290, 290, feedbacks in, 15, 15–16, 16b conveyor belt hypothesis, 267
291, 292 ice sheet interactions with local cooling. See climate cooling
uplift weathering hypothesis of, environment and, 203 coral(s)
106–111 natural interactions in, millennial annual bands in, 298, 298–299, 299,
see also temperature oscillations and, 266–268, 267 300b–301b
climate data output, 31 random noise in, 134 as climate archives, 21, 22
mismatch between geologic data and, response time and. See response dating of, 24, 25, 26
31–32 rates; response time Earth’s orbital changes and, 135,
climate forcing, 8, 10 climate warming 135
climate historians, 7 cycles of, 13, 13 coral bands, 24, 25, 26
climate history, 4–6, 6 greenhouse warming’s effect on, chemical information in, 31
sensitivity to greenhouse gases and, 354–356, 355 coral reefs
338–339, 339 of late 20th century, 292, 294, 294 dating of, 167, 232, 233b
climate model(s), 31–38 during medieval warm period, 290 as dipsticks for measuring sea level,
biome models, 219 ocean thermal inertia and, 340, 340 213, 230–232, 232, 233b
data-model comparisons and, 84–85, over last 125 years. See recent climate ice volume changes and, 10b–171b,
216, 219–224 warming 167–168, 167–169
Earth’s sensitivity to greenhouse summary of, 341 sea level and, 167–168, 169, 266
gases in, 335, 336, 336b–337b, see also temperature warmth of 100 Myr ago and, 82
337–338, 338 climatic disequilibrium, 348, 348–349, Cordilleran ice sheet
geochemical, 31, 36–38 349 melting of, 240b, 285
of high-latitude summer warming, climatic resolution, 25–26, 26, 27 separation of, 285
245, 245 clipping, 150 volume of, 212, 212t
physical, 31–36, 32 closed systems, 22 Cordilleran mountain chain, 103
climate modelers, 7 clouds Cretaceous
climate point, 159, 159 brown, 334, 341 data-model mismatch and, 84–85
climate proxies, 26–31, 292–302 reflection of solar radiation by, Earth’s sensitivity to greenhouse
corals as, 298, 298–299 337–338 gases and, 339
ice cores from mountain glaciers as, coccolith(s), 28, 28, 226 flooding during, 82, 82
292, 293–295, 294 in equatorial Atlantic sediments, model simulations of greenhouse of,
reconstructing hemispheric 146 82–84, 83, 84
temperature trends using, See also plankton relevance to future, 85–86, 86
302–303, 303 coccolithophores, 226 Crowley, Tom, 267