Page 401 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

INDEX 377

crust monsoons and, 239, 241–243, orbit of. See Earth’s orbit; orbital
continental. See continental crust 242–244 entries
of Earth, silicate minerals in, 48 positive feedbacks to deglacial orbital cycles of, dating climate
ocean. See ocean crust melting and, 237–238 records using, 24
Crutzen, Paul, 357 during and since last deglaciation, structure of, 60, 60–61, 61
cycles, 122b 229–248 wobble of, 124, 125
Bond, 261 dendroclimatology, 295, 295–298, Earth system science, 7
orbital, dating climate records using, 296b–297b, 298 earthquakes, uplift weathering
24 see also tree rings hypothesis and, 77
organic carbon subcycle and, 54b, 67 deserts Earth’s orbit, 119–135
of precession, 135, 135 dust storms in, 215, 215 axis of rotation and seasons and,
sunspot, 304, 304–305 see also specific deserts 120
tidal, Earth’s orbital changes and, diatoms, 28, 28 changes in axial tilt through time
135, 135 deglaciation and, 246, 247 and, 121, 121–123, 123
of warming and cooling, 13, 13 freshwater, in tropical Atlantic, 144, changes in eccentric orbit through
144–145 time and, 123, 123, 124
D diluvial hypothesis, 282b changes in insolation received on
daily changes, in temperature, 13 dinosaurs, 82 Earth and, 129–132
Dansgaard, Willi, 253 extinctions of, asteroid impacts and, distance between Earth and Sun and,
Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations, 253, 92 120–121, 121
261, 266 disease, falling carbon dioxide values eccentricity of, 123, 126
Darwin, Charles, 8 and, 307, 307 orbital changes as climate forcing
dating dissolution, 30, 30 factor and, 10
of ice cores, 176–177, 177 carbon dioxide removal from precession of solstices and equinoxes
of lake muds, 242 atmosphere by, 49 around, 124–126, 124–126, 127b,
of millennial oscillations, 255–256, divergent margins, 61, 61–62 128, 128–129
256 DNA, human evolution and, 275 tectonic-scale changes in, 135, 135
paleomagnetic, of ocean crust, 63–64, Drake’s Passage, 103 see also orbital entries
64 drought East Africa, vegetation in, in 2 X CO
2
radiocarbon, 23–24, 256 brown clouds and, 334 world, 350
radiometric, 21–23, 23, 23t, 25 early civilizations and, 281, 281–283 Eastern Europe, sulfate aerosols from,
of sediments, orbital tuning and, see also aridity 333
148b–149b Dryas, 236 eccentricity, of elliptical orbit,
thorium/uranium, 232, 233b Younger Dryas event and, 235–237, 123, 126
daughter isotopes, 21–22, 23, 23b 235–237, 259, 281 Egyptian dynasties, early, 281
debris Dunde ice cap, 294, 294 El Chichón eruption, 327, 328
from asteroid impacts, 93 dust El Niño, 298, 299, 300b–301b, 302,
erosion by ice sheets and, 202–203 in ice sheets, 214–215, 215 321, 322
ice-rafted, 29, 29, 253–254, 255 melting of ice sheets and, 203 recent warming and, 327, 328
produced by ice sheets, 214–215, 215 millennial oscillations and, 252–253 sea levels and, 321
transport by sea ice, 260 savanna hypothesis of human elastic response, 162
decay constant, 22 evolution and, 276–277, 277 elevation, uplift weathering
deforestation Dust Bowl, 1 hypothesis and, 106, 107, 107–109,
as carbon source, 328, 329, 329 dust storms, 214–215 108b–109b
cooling due to, 335 dwellings Ellesmere Island, 246, 247
early anthropogenic hypothesis and, of Anasazi people, 282 ellipses, 120
285–288, 286–288, 306–307 of Stone Age, 280, 280 of equinoxes, 124–126, 126, 127b,
recent warming and, 335 128, 128–129
rise in carbon dioxide due to, E precession of, 124, 125
285–286 early anthropogenic hypothesis, Emiliani, Cesare, 165
deglacial climate change, 207–268 285–288, 286–288, 306–307 England, linked to Europe, 239
causes of climate changes during, Earth enhanced greenhouse effect, 337b
230, 230 axial tilt of, 120, 121, 121–123, 123, ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation)
deglacial two-step and, 232, 234, 129, 135, 135, 246, 248 system, 299, 300b–301b, 321, 322
234–237 axis of, 120 eolian sediments, 29
early agriculture and, 280–281 climate history of, 4–6, 6 equator, temperature at, 100 Myr ago,
last glacial maximum and. See glacial comparison with Venus, 44, 44–45, 83
maximum, last 46 equatorial region, calcite shells in, 28
millennial oscillations and. See crust of, silicate minerals in, 48 equilibrium, 11
millennial oscillations distance from Sun, 120–121, 121 equilibrium line, 156, 159