Page 399 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

INDEX 375

in corals, 24, 25, 26 future climate changes caused by, Chad, Lake, 242
plates and, 226 348, 348–356 Chamberlain, T. C., 75
see also limestone future emissions of, factors affecting, channeled scablands, 240b–241b
calcite shells 344, 344–345 chemical reservoirs, 37, 37–38
chemical weathering and, 30–31 global circulation model for Pangaea chemical weathering, 30, 30–31
climate reconstruction and, 28, 28, and, 68 carbon dioxide removal from
29 ice core measurements of, 177 atmosphere by, 48–50, 49
calcium (Ca), as index of climatic ice interactions with, 203–205, 204 climatic factors controlling, 50,
change, 101–102, 102 limiting emissions of, 356, 356–357 50–51
calcium carbonate. See calcite (CaCO ); orbital-scale changes in, 178–182, 179 closed loop cycling of carbon and,
3
limestone organic carbon subcycle and, 54b, 74, 74
calibration interval, 297 67 as Earth’s thermostat, 51, 51–53, 52
caloric insolation seasons, 131–132, recent warming and, 328–330, 329, glaciation of Gondwana and, 67
132 330 uplift weathering hypothesis and,
calving, of icebergs, 156, 164, 220, 220 removal from atmosphere by 75–80, 76–79, 78t, 106–111, 112b
Canada chemical weathering, 48–50, 49 Chile, tree rings in, 297
Cordilleran ice sheet in. See removing from atmosphere, 329–330 China
Cordilleran ice sheet rise in, deforestation and, 285–286 deforestation in, 286
erosion by ice sheets in, 202, 202 savanna hypothesis of human evidence of millennial oscillations in,
ice sheet formation in, 160 evolution and, 277, 277 257
ice sheets of, 1 sensitivity tests of effect on climate, monsoons in, 146–147, 147
trees in, deglaciation and, 245 85–86 100,000-year climatic oscillations
viscous response in, 162 solubility in seawater, 182 and, 197, 197
Canadian Arctic speed of weathering and, 77 rice irrigation in, methane generation
during Little Ice Age, 290, 291, 292 technology to reduce emissions of, associated with, 287, 287
vegetation in, 98, 99 344–345 sulfate aerosols from, 333
Cape Hatteras Light, 31 tree rings and, 297 chlorine monoxide (ClO), 332
carbon trends in emissions of, 345, 345–347, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 331,
exchanges between Earth’s reservoirs, 346 331–332
46, 46–50 2 X CO sensitivity and, 335, 336, cities
2
inorganic, 178, 179 337–338, 338 climate warming and, 356
organic, 112b, 178, 179 variability selection hypothesis and, urban heat islands and, 314
organic carbon subcycle and, 278 civilizations, early, impact of climate
54b, 67 on Venus and Earth, compared, 44, change on, 281, 281–283,
radiocarbon dating and, 23–24, 256 44–45 282b–283b
carbon aerosols, future emissions of, from volcanic eruptions, 47, 47–48, Clark, Peter, 202
347–348 71 clay minerals, production by chemical
carbon dioxide (CO ) carbon dioxide balance, 49-50 weathering, 48
2
asteroid impacts and, 93, 93 carbon dioxide saturation, feedback CLIMAP (Climate Mapping and
biological transfer from surface effect of, 86 Prediction) Project, 210, 211,
waters to deep ocean, 182, carbon isotopes, 178–179, 179 212–214, 212t, 219, 220, 224, 225,
13
13
13
182–185, 183b, 184 δ . See δ C; δ C aging 226, 339
BLAG seafloor spreading hypothesis 14C . See C isotope climate, defined, 4
14
and, 71–72, 72–74, 74–75, 105, carbon pumping, 183–184, 183b climate archives, 18–26
105–106 carbonate (CaCO ), in oceans, 186–187 climatic resolution and, 25–26,
3
carbonic acid formation from, 30 carbonate rocks, 30 26, 27
cooling of tropics during last glacial carbonic acid (H CO ), formation of, dating of, 21–25, 23, 23t, 25
2 3
maximum and, 224, 225 30, 49 types of, 18–21, 18–22
during Cretaceous time, 84 Cascades, millennial oscillations and, climate change
development of microbes feeding on, 257 deglacial. See deglacial climate
357 cave(s) change
drop in, between 1000-1200 and ground water in, 31 future. See future climate change
1600-1800, 306–308, 307 limestone in. See calcite (CaCO ); human evolution and, 276–278, 277
3
early anthropogenic hypothesis and, limestone impact of early humans on,
285–286, 287–288, 288, 306–307 stalactites and stalagmites in, 146 283–288
equivalent, 335 cave dwellings, of Anasazi people, 282 megafaunal extinction and, 284, 284
41,000-year ice sheet variation and, cave paintings, 280, 280 during 1000-1850, proposed causes
196, 196 cellulose, in tree rings, 31 of, 303–308
from fossil fuels, 15 Celsius, Anders, 5 orbital-scale. See orbital-scale climate
4 X CO world and, 352–353, 354 Celsius temperature scale, 5 change
2