Page 398 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

374 INDEX

aridity atmospheric general circulation Bering Sea, during last glacial
in Australia, during last glacial models (A-GCMs), 32–34, 33–35, maximum, 223
maximum, 223 35–36 Bering Strait, human crossing over,
dust storms and, 214–215 one-dimensional, 32 284–285
early civilizations and, 281, 281–283 three-dimensional, 32–34, 33–35 Bermuda, coral reef of, 167
of Pangaea, 69, 69, 70 two-dimensional, 32 Berner, Robert, 71
see also drought Aulacoseira granulata, 144 biome models, 219, 222
ash, volcanic, 305–306, 307 Australia biosphere, excess carbon in, 329
Asia, 68 El Niño and, 321, 322 biotic proxies, 27–29, 27–29
collision with India, 78, 90 ENSO system and, 300b bipolar seesaw, 267, 267–268
ice sheet cooling of North Atlantic joined to New Guinea, 239, 239 climate change during 1000-1850
Ocean and, 193 during last glacial maximum, 223 and, 303
monsoons in, 138, 146, 146–147, 147 megafaunal extinction in, 284 birds, El Niño and, 300b
mountain glaciers in, in 2 X CO movement into tropical latitudes, Black Death, falling carbon dioxide
2
world, 350 102, 102 values and, 307, 307
rice irrigation in, methane generation separation from Antarctica, 103, 104 Black Sea flood hypothesis,
associated with, 287, 287 warmth of 100 Myr ago in, 82 282b–283b
savanna hypothesis of human Australopithecus, 275 BLAG seafloor spreading hypothesis,
evolution and, 277, 277 axial precession, 124–126, 124–126, 71–72, 72–74, 74–75, 105,
sediments carried by rivers of, 127b, 128, 128–129 105–106
109–110, 110, 111 Azores, North Atlantic Oscillation and, Bond, Gerard, 253, 261
see also Southeast Asia; specific countries 322, 324 Bond cycles, 261
Asian monsoon, 110 Bonneville, Lake, 220
asteroid impacts, 92, 92–94, 93 B millennial oscillations and, 257
asthenosphere, 60–61 Baffin Island, during Little Ice Age, Bonneville Salt Flats, 220
asynchronous coupling, 34–35 290, 291, 292 boreal forest, boundary between tundra
Atlantic Ocean Baltic Sea, sea level of, 310 and, 246, 247
deep-water circulation in, 186 Barbados, coral reef of, 167–168, 169, Bosporus, 282b
deglaciation and, 246, 247 231–232, 232, 233b boundary conditions
equatorial, upwelling in, 145–146, Barents ice sheet, 203, 213 in climate models, 31, 32, 33–34,
146 melting of, 234, 237 67–69, 68, 69
heat transport and, 267 volume of, 212, 212t for last glacial maximum, 210, 210
icebergs in, 164 Barron, Eric, 82, 84 brain size, human evolution and, 276,
Isthmus of Panama and, 103–104 basal slip, 164 276t
millennial oscillations and, 258 basalts, 30 braincase sizes, of hominin fossils, 279,
oxygen-isotope ratios recorded in paleomagnetic determination of past 279
foraminifera of, 165, 165–166, locations of continents using, Brazil, monsoons in, 147–148
166 62–63 Bretz, Harlen J., 240b
ridge in, 61, 61, 62 10 Be isotope, as solar proxy, 263–264, British ice sheet, volume of, 212t
sediments in, 214–215 305 Broecker, Wally, 236, 267
tropical, deep-water circulation in, bedrock Bronze Age, 286
186, 186 in channeled scablands, 240b brown clouds, 334, 341
tropical, freshwater diatoms in, 144, delayed response beneath ice sheets, recent warming and, 334, 334–335
144–145 161–163, 162, 163, 202, 310–311, bubonic plague, falling carbon dioxide
see also North Atlantic Ocean; South 311–314, 313–314 values and, 307, 307
Atlantic Ocean ice interactions with, 201–203, 202 burial fluxes, 29
Atlantic ridge, elevation of, 89 interactions between ice margins
atmosphere and, 265, 265 C
13
carbon added to by human activity, rebound since melting of ice sheets, δ C
95 213–214, 238 carbon pumping measurement using,
carbon dioxide removal from, by sea level and, 91b 183, 183b
chemical weathering, 48–50, 49 bedrock pinning points, 265 major release 55 Myr ago, 94–95
early, methane and ammonia in, beech trees δ C aging, 185, 186, 196
13
52–53 cooling of last 50 Myr and, 98, 99 14 C isotope
excess carbon in, 328 in 4 X CO world, 352 as solar proxy, 264, 305
2
oxygen-rich, development of, 56 benthic foraminifera, 30 See also radiocarbon dating
projecting future carbon dioxide millennial oscillations and, 255 calcite (CaCO )
3
levels in, 345–346, 346 oxygen-isotope ratios recorded in, in caves, 146
response time of, 11t 165, 165–166, 166 closed loop cycling of carbon and,
see also air entries Berger, Wolfgang, 112b 74, 74