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372 | Model Question Papers
Non-assertion
You find an excuse not to take the letter back, or you say: ‘I know it is . . . . any chance at
all you could find a spare minute to—just change one or two small things in this letter
for me’.
Aggression
‘I don’t know how you’ve got the nerve to give me this sort of stuff for signing. It is full
of mistakes.’
b. Intonation is perhaps the chief means by which the speaker conveys his attitudes and
emotions. The grammar of an utterance does not reveal in any noticeable way whether the
speaker’s attitude is one of politeness, assertiveness, concern, incredulity, etc.
Intonation makes distinctions of attitudinal nuances to which grammar most often gives
no structural clues. The following pairs of sentences show how intonation signals the speaker
attitudes and emotions.
c. There should be a common experience between two or more people for an effective
communication. Several factors, which influence the process of communication, are as
follows:
1. Age factor (we are young or old)
2. Sex factor (we are men or women)
3. Economic factor (we are rich or poor)
4. Location factor (we are rich or poor)
5. Mental factor (we are bright, slow or average)
6. Education factor (we are graduates or illiterate)
7. Organization factor (we are of this institution party or that institution)
8. Vocation factor (we are teachers or farmers)
9. Social factor (we are in the middle income group or in low income group)
10. Racial factor (we belong or do not belong to a minority ethnic group)
The above mentioned are some of the factors, which influence communication. There
are several others but the above list includes only the major factors.
3. a. A number of communication related behaviours have been identified by researchers, most of
which are inherited, e.g., sociability, public speaking, assertiveness, etc. Other researchers like
Beatley, Mc Crosky and Hiesel, (1996), found genetic predispositions and communication,
such as communication apprehension. Krants and Price (1976), gives the explanation of
personality variables such as reinforcement, social norms and modeling. Each of these alter-
native explanations is, to some degree relevant to the development of various communica-
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