Page 284 - Electric Drives and Electromechanical Systems

Chapter 11 Cyber Physical systems and security 281

The development of SCADA systems has to an extent followed the developments in
computing technologies. Initially SCADA systems were developed around standalone
mini computers with not networking. These systems were developed as bespoke systems
for an specific application. As network technologies developed, so it was applied to the
SCADA concept, with the introduction of local area networks and distributed computing.
One point to note, is that early applications paid very little attention to cyber security.
The introduction of cloud computing is of considerable importance to the future
developed of SCADA systems, as cloud computing allows the sharing and processing of a
large amounts of data generated by these systems.

11.3 Industry 4.0

Currently several disruptive technologies are having a significant impact on both
manufacturing and processes industries, when considering the computing aspects these
included cloud computing and big data. These approaches are having a significant and
rapid impact on how the manufacturing and process industries are organised and
managed. To place these changes in context and understand the term Industry 4.0,
a brief overview of industrial development is required to highlight the significant drivers:

Industry 1.0: during the eighteenth-century production moved from a manual
activity to machine based, largely through the development of the steam engine
during the industrial revolution. In addition, the individual manufacturing
processes were more understood with a solid scientific foundation.
Industry 2.0: during the early twentieth-century, manufacturing was rationalised
using precision engineering, division of labour, standardisation and the assembly
line. This allowed the mass production of products ranging from the typewriter to
the car.
Industry 3.0: the development of computing technology, information processing
and automation lead to the introduction of flexible manufacturing systems,
computer integrated manufacturing and enterprise resource management during
the latter part of the twentieth-century.
Industry 4.0: the use of information and communication technologies is having a
profound impact on manufacturing. Currently this is leading to the development of
concepts including smart manufacturing and factories, and cloud manufacturing.
Industry 4.0 incorporate several technologies including cyber physical systems,
cloud computing service models, artificial intelligence and data management to
reach its maximum productivity.

For brevity, this chapter will only briefly cover technologies that have a direct impact
on the drives and control of machine tools and robotics, in particular the internet of
things, cloud computing and management of big data.