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Chapter 11 Cyber Physical systems and security 283

management. Communication in the IIoT is machine oriented and can be applied across
many different market sectors and activities. Typical IIoT scenarios include legacy
monitoring applications (e.g., process monitoring in production plants) and innovative
approaches for self- organizing systems (e.g., autonomous industrial plants, wind farms
and pipelines). While the most general communication requirements of IoT and IIoT are
similar, e.g., support for the Internet ecosystem using low-cost, resource-constrained
devices and network scalability, many communication requirements are specific to
each domain and can be very different, e.g., quality of service (QoS), for example latency,
throughput, etc., system availability and reliability, and the security and privacy.
Unlike many elements of the Industry 4.0 concept, integrated sensor systems with an
advanced intelligent link are currently widely used, as integrated sensor solutions that
incorporate a Fieldbus or equivalent interface are readily available, providing all the
functionality needed to realise the demands of a fully integrated production system.

11.3.2 Cloud computing and manufacturing

The objective of Cloud computing is to provide on-demand computing services with
high reliability, scalability and availability in a distributed environment. The National
Institute of Standards and Technology definition of cloud computing is a model for
enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of config-
urable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)
that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction (Xu, 2012).
In the Cloud computing concept, everything is treated as a service, the main services are:
SaaS (Software as a Service): provides the applications required by the client.
PaaS (Platform as a Service): provides abstractions and services for developing,
testing, deploying, hosting, and maintaining of the applications within an inte-
grated development environment.
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): provides, processing, storage, networks, and other
fundamental computing resources as standardised services over the network.

The cloud computing deployment models can be classified as either broadly
belonging to the public Cloud, where resources are made available to consumers over
the Internet or private Cloud provided by a single organisation to serve the requirements
of its users. The private Cloud offers a secure environment and a higher level of control
(Atlam et al., 2018).
Cloud computing is wide spread in many businesses as it allows an organization to
purchase exactly what is required, in terms of storage and applications. Cloud
manufacturing is a relatively new multidisciplinary domain that encompasses technol-
ogies such as networked manufacturing, virtual manufacturing, agile manufacturing,
the Industrial Internet of things, and cloud computing. Networks that are incorporated
into manufacturing and process operations are normally highly constraint into what