Page 59 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

Introduction to smart grid and internet of energy systems Chapter 1 45

for implementers. The standard recommendation presents two different proto-
cols in terms of many aspects. Both protocols are used to meet communication
requirements of RTU to IED interaction and are completely compliant with
other to provide flexibility to users. One of the protocols is distributed network
protocol (DNP3) that is a three-layer protocol meeting 1st, 2nd, and 7th layers of
open system interconnection (OSI) reference model. DNP3 protocol is partic-
ularly improved for data acquisition and control operations that are essential in
utility data transmission. The other protocol handled in IEEE 1379-2000 stan-
dard is IEC 60870-5 that is implemented for frame formats and services in three-
layer reference model like DNP3. It aims to increase efficiency of RTUs, smart
meters, relays and related equipments. Moreover, it uses the layered structure
complying with OSI reference model for synchronization and file transfer
applications [31].
IEEE 1451 standard purposes to provide general application requirements
for smart transducer interfaces (STIs) in the context of intelligent systems. It
is implemented to increase advantages of smart sensors and transducers used
for real-time monitoring, metering, control and interfacing applications. The
standard proposes network independent communication infrastructure to con-
nect several sensors to microprocessors and control interfaces to comprise a
sensor network [28, 32]. IEEE 1547 describes recommendations for electric
power systems interconnection with DERs such as wind turbines, PV plants,
fuel cells, micro turbines, hydro plants and other generators. The standard
presents technical specifications for test and interconnection conditions related
to performance, maintenance, reliability, and operation. Moreover, general
requirements for islanding of DERs, power quality, design standards, genera-
tion, and fault response are included in the context of IEEE 1547 standard
[33, 34]. IEEE 1588 standard defines common environments for precision time
protocol (PTP) use in power systems for protection, control, automation, and
data exchange services using Ethernet based communication architectures.
Although it is implemented for Ethernet communications, it is not limited to
Ethernet and can be used in LAN supporting multicast messaging systems.
Therefore, the standard specifies PTP protocol to operate heterogeneous sys-
tems together [28, 35].
IEEE C37.111 standard is titled as Common format for transient data
exchange (COMTRADE) for power systems and specifies a format for data files
including waveforms and event data acquired from power system via sensors
and sensor networks. The standard defines file format to convert databases
for easily exchangeable along various media types such as external hard disk
drives, USB and flash drives or similar disk medias. IEEE C37.118 standard
describes PMU device which can be a stand-alone physical unit or a functional
unit within another physical unit. This standard does not specify hardware,
software, or a method for computing phasor, frequency, or ROCOF, but
extends dynamic performance requirements for synchrophasors and ROCOF
measurements. This description of standard includes basic synchrophasors