Page 64 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

50 From smart grid to internet of energy

to its distribution ability of residential grid to houses. The AMI is used to define
a smart meter based infrastructure along smart grid applications since it pro-
vides measurement of consumed energy, power demand rates, and power qual-
ity of entire grid. The typical features of a smart metering applications are listed
as two-way communication between grid and smart meter, data recording capa-
bility at intervals of 10–60 min, at least daily data transmission to monitoring
center, integrated remote disconnection switch, HAN interface, data storage
capability for blackouts, voltage and current values, and secure data communi-
cation infrastructure [1, 4].
Nowadays, several millions of smart meters have been deployed all over the
world, and it is noted that over than 140 million of smart meters have been
installed where the most prominent usages is in China [39]. It is expected that
the number of installed smart meters will exceed 400 million by 2020. Although
all the installed smart meters provide previously mentioned features, almost all
of them provides AMR functions such as detailed consumption storage. Due to
close relation of smart meter and AMI, several functions required by MDMS
and OMS are carried out. Moreover, improved remote monitoring and control
capabilities of smart meters ensure two-way communication, instant data acqui-
sition, and remote billing requirements.
The latest smart metering researches have been dealt with power quality
issues such as automatic voltage restore, frequency and voltage control, active
and reactive power control, DSM, decentralized generation in the context of
microgrid and cyber-secure communication systems. The smart metering
interface can be illustrated as seen in Fig. 1.15 where smart meter interfaces
consumption and distribution grids in terms of metering and communication
substructures. The metering section is comprised by three major subsections
that are AMR, DMS and TOU pricing while the communication system
includes control infrastructure and network connection interfaces such as
HAN and WAN comprising the HEMS. The communication interface may

Network
(HAN, WAN)
Communication
Control
Infrastructure
Smart
User Advanced Metering
Meter Infrastructure
Time of Use
(AMI)
Pricing
Metering Data Management
System (DMS)
Advanced Meter
Reading (AMR)
FIG. 1.15 Smart metering infrastructure [1].