Page 69 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

Introduction to smart grid and internet of energy systems Chapter 1 55

of capital and daily life comfort. The WSNs are appropriate detection devices
for faults, outages, and protection systems along transmission and distribution
systems. The equipment fault detection and prevention are also coped with
WSN that is based on fault passage indicators (FPIs) and insulators.
The consumption level applications of smart grid are not only required for
TSO and DSOs but also for consumers since they enable users to monitor and
control their microgrids, home appliances, and smart devices by using HEMS.
The WSN assisted smart grid applications can be listed as AMR and wireless
smart metering, HEMS and residential power control, microgrid and Nano-grid
monitoring, data acquisition for DSM, and remote monitoring for outage detec-
tion and fault protection. The wireless remote metering and monitoring facili-
tates interaction with smart home appliances throughout residential energy
management system. Moreover, distributed generation and residential energy
management are allowed by integration of WSN to HEMSs and smart grid
components used in consumer side. The dynamic load control and remote mon-
itoring enables DSOs to detect outages, faults, energy theft, and excessive con-
sumption in order to manage DR and load shedding requirements [42].
As discussed in this section, the WSN integration in smart grid provides fur-
ther control and monitoring opportunities with low-cost and improved mobility.
Moreover, increased reliability and decreased latency facilitate power network
management capabilities of TSO and DSOs. The recent studies are based
on WSN security and communication protocols to improve interoperability
of heterogenous devices and systems operating in the context of smart grid
environments.

1.4 Evolution of internet of energy concept
The concept of “Internet of Energy” has been firstly suggested by Jeremy Rifkin
in Third Industrial Revolution to define sharing of energy and increased use of
RESs. The energy sharing is achieved by using a peer-to-peer (P2P) approach as
in computer internet in Internet of Energy (IoE) where two-way power flow is
provided by power distribution networks (PDNs) [43]. There is an analogy
between network routers of computer internet and energy routers of IoE has
been put forward. Thus, PDNs are associated over energy routers in this sce-
nario. The interaction of WSNs, sensors, transducers, AMI technologies and
related ICT components have promoted improvement of IoE [44].
The smart grid is defined as system of systems due to its complex and
heterogenous infrastructure that is comprised by diverse power and communi-
cation technologies. However, smart grid infrastructure is operated by contribu-
tion of energy distribution and control systems at any nodes. The intelligent
control and monitoring nodes of smart grid are quite similar to Internet of
Things (IoT) approach connecting any device at any platform. The M2M and
human-to-machine (H2M) interactions enable extending the internet concept