Page 253 - Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology

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230 INDEX

Venus (cont’d) volcanic systems 1–17, 16
calderas 203 volcanic tremor 45–6, 46, 47
coronae 204, 204 volcano monitoring 46–9, 165–78
deformation 204 alert systems 176, 177
dike swarms 205 instrumentation 173, 174
eruption speed 192 observatories 174
flood volcanism 205 radar images 175
lava flows 203, 203, 204–5, 205 satellite 175, 179, 184, 188, 217
mantle plumes 204, 204 short-term prediction 173–6
pancake domes 205, 205 surface appearance 175
radar images 202–3, 203 surface temperature 175
shield volcanoes 203 volcanologists 154
surface temperature 205 Vulcanian eruptions 9–10, 70, 94–5, 148, 150–1, 153,
vesicles 73–4, 111, 115, 217 156, 213
Vesuvius, Italy 5, 154, 154, 156, 165, 172 duration 9, 103
eruption probability 173, 173 ejecta velocity 97, 99
frequency 173, 173 explosive 13, 96–8, 97, 99, 100, 101, 119
viscosity 4, 26, 26, 29, 30, 31–2, 31, 146–7 external water 101
fragmentation 147, 153 frequency 103–4
gas bubbles 146–7, 150–1 gas content 99
Newtonian 132, 133 hazards 97–8
plastic 132, 134 vent pressures 99
silica content 146–7 volatile content 96–7
temperature 146–7, 146
volatiles see gas water 76, 170
volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 154–6, 155, 158, 172, density 101
173, 180 Mars 198, 202
volcanic hazards 165–78 melt temperature 29
assessment 172–3, 177 solubility 146
barriers 177 steam 101, 103
direct/indirect 165, 177 viscosity 147
evacuation 176 Whin Sill, England 49, 52
global 172 wind direction 111, 114, 123, 216
ignition 165 wind speed 106, 106, 110, 114, 114, 123
local 172
precautions 176–7 xenolith 26
property destruction 165
regional 172 Yellowstone, USA 1–2, 21, 24, 157
types 165–71 caldera 144
warnings 168, 176, 217 magnitude and frequency 59