Page 249 - Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology

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226 INDEX

magma (cont’d) pressure 37
tensile strength 97, 119, 193 rheology 26
types 145 strain rates 213
vesicularity 102 stress 37
viscosity 4, 26, 26, 33, 41, 43, 70–1, 73, 75, 79, 94, upwelling 22–3, 24
144, 146, 148–50, 149, 152, 214 viscosity 31–2
water content 26, 114, 114, 146, 146, 147, 152 see also melt
water interaction 13–14, 102–3 mantle plume 21, 22, 24, 29, 32–3, 40–1, 162, 163, 204,
see also evolved magmas; intermediate magmas; 204, 211
primitive magmas see also hot spots
magma chamber 31, 39, 43–4, 158, 214 maria (mare) 194
crystallization 46, 62 Mars 39, 190, 190, 191, 197–202
cyclicity 159 acceleration due to gravity 200
deep plumbing systems 56, 58, 62 atmospheric pressure 148, 199
deflation 159, 214 basaltic eruptions 199
deformation 62 calderas 199, 200, 201
depth 46, 47, 48, 49, 62, 193 craters 197–8, 200
earthquakes 45, 45 dust 200
failure 61, 62, 159, 163 effusion rate 201
formation 53–8 eruption plumes 199
gravity and depth 193 eruption speeds 192, 199
growth 53–8 explosive eruptions 200
impact on volcanic systems 58–62 exsolution depth 201
inflation 60, 159, 174, 175, 214 floods 202
mathematical model 59 fragmentation depth 201
pressure 60–1, 160 graben 202, 202
proto chamber 56 gravity 199
shape 53, 53, 62 lava flows 136, 199, 201
simple elastic model 159 mantle convection 198–9
supply rates 54, 56, 58, 159 neutral buoyancy depth 201
survival 56, 57 plate tectonics 198
vertical extent 193, 201 pressure 192, 198, 200

volatiles 61–2 provinces 198–9
volume 45, 47, 48, 48, 49, 60, 62, 158, 162, 163, pyroclastic fall deposit 199, 200
217 rift zones 198
volume and eruption scale 59, 62 shield volcanoes 198, 199, 200
wall failure 60, 60, 61 surface temperature 198
magma storage 15, 16, 31, 43–63, 148, 152–3, 213, volcanic composition 199
214 volcanic cyclicity 201–2
geological evidence 49–52 volcano size 198
geophysical observations 45–9 water 198, 202
petrological evidence 44–5 mass extinctions 179, 186–7
residence time 58 flood basalt eruptions 187, 188
seismic velocity 45 meteorite theory 187
see also magma chamber mass flux 6, 77–8, 78, 85, 92, 100, 110, 115, 129, 154,
mantle 35 162, 216
composition 26 Mauna Loa, Hawai’I 49, 52, 154–6
convection 21, 22–3, 29, 190, 213 Mauna Ulu, Hawai’I 141
density 32 melt 18, 25, 28, 29, 31, 44, 46, 48
elastic solid 26 decompression 18, 22, 24, 29, 40
liquid–solid contact 27–8, 27 depth 44, 44
melting onset 27–8 diapiric rise 31–2