Page 247 - Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology

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224 INDEX

ice cores Katmai, Alaska 19, 186
acidity 180, 181 Kilauea volcano, Hawai’I 1, 1, 8, 43, 44, 45, 49, 56, 57,
and frost rings 180–1 131, 132, 156, 156, 162
ice giants 191 caldera 160
Iceland 4–6, 7, 8, 11–12, 12, 13, 47, 49, 50, 56, chamber volume 158
96, 99, 100, 156, 158, 170, 171, 171, 179, fumarole 65
187 gas pistoning 72
ignimbrite forming eruptions 6, 83, 160–2, 163, 187, littoral cone 10–11, 11
213 mass flux 5, 6
ignimbrites 6, 91, 92, 115, 116, 117, 124, 128, 129, monitoring 174
157 perched lava pond 142
emplacement mechanisms 120–1 property destruction 165, 166
flow 116 rift zones 160, 161
impact craters 194, 197–8, 200, 210 rootless lava flow 128
India 157 spatter ramparts 4
Indonesia 19, 156, 158, 179, 182–3 tephra blanket 4
inelastic deformation 160 tilt record 159, 159
inelastic eruptions 158–60, 161, 163 toothpaste lava 140
infrared spectrometry 175, 175 uplift 51
intermediate magmas 94, 150, 153 VEI 156
intraplate settings 21, 22–4 kimberlites 14, 26
intrusive bodies 43, 49, 52 kinetic energy 78, 79–80, 96, 100, 103, 216
temperature contrast 54, 55 komatiite flows 136
Io 190, 190, 191, 206–9, 218 Ko'olau volcano, Hawai’I 56
acceleration due to gravity 208 Krafla volcano, Iceland 47, 50, 56
atmosphere 148, 207–8 uplift patterns 49
calderas 208, 208 Krakatau 19, 153, 158, 165, 180
coloured surface 207 tephra dispersal 185
eruption plumes 207
eruption speed 192, 208 La Garita caldera 158
eruption volume 208–9 laccoliths 49, 52, 53, 57, 214
explosive eruptions 208 lahars 168–70, 177, 217
internal heat 206–7 lake overturn events 171
lava flows 207, 207 Laki, Iceland 4–6, 171, 179
lava fountains 207 mass flux 187
neutral buoyancy depth 208 stratospheric injection 187
plate tectonics 208 lapilli 115
pressure 148, 192 large igneous provinces (LIPs) 21, 22, 24, 40, 157
rootless vents 208 Lassen Peak volcano, USA 85
sulphur compounds 207 lava
tidal flexing 191, 206–7 composition 58, 134, 138–9, 148
volatiles 208 cooling waves 142
island arcs 24–6, 25 crystal nucleation 132
isothermal expansion 95–6 deformation rate 139
Italy 1, 3, 6, 8, 58, 59, 96, 97, 99, 100, 144, 154–6, 158, eruption temperature 24
175, 179 evolved lava 140, 142
folds 139
Japan 46, 47, 126, 174 fractures 135, 139
jökulhlaups 13, 170, 171 gas bubbles 132
Juan de Fuca ridge 19, 46, 48 levées 217
Jupiter 191, 192 ocean floor 139