Page 243 - Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology

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220 INDEX

basalt (cont’d) clasts 6, 10, 86–7, 96–7, 99, 110
Mars and Earth 199 ballistic range 97–100, 109, 112, 114
mid-ocean ridge 10, 22 breakage 109–10
ocean island basalt 22 density 87, 105, 107–8, 111, 112, 113, 216
sulphur content 65, 186 distribution 80, 109, 112, 114, 151
viscosity 79 drag force 86–7
water solubility 65–7, 66, 73, 76 elutriated 120
basaltic andesite 9, 24–5, 26 fallout 86–8, 86, 92, 105–10, 114, 121, 123
base surges 11–12, 14 opaque 128
Basement Sill, Antarctica 49 shape 105, 107–8, 111
Bingham fluid 133 size 87, 87, 92, 107–8, 109, 113, 121, 124, 151, 153,
Bingham plastic 132, 133–4, 133, 136, 142 216
block lava 138, 142 terminal velocity 87, 92, 105, 107–8, 109, 109, 114,
blocks 215
and ash flow deposit 115 welded 116, 128
density 99 see also blocks; bombs; pyroclasts
horizontal acceleration 99 climate change 65, 171, 179–89
modeling ballistic range 104 accounts 179
radii 99 albedo 182
vertical acceleration 99 and eruption volume 184–5
bombs 11, 103 and geographical location 184
ballistic ejection 94, 100 global scale 179, 182, 184, 188
Boyle’s Law 69, 214 modeling 185
bulk modulus 60 net cooling 182
buoyancy 31, 112, 118, 213, 214, 215 net warming 182, 188
gas 70–1 and plume height 184
mantle melt 28, 29 regional scale 184
negative 35–6 satellite monitoring 181–2
neutral 32, 36–8, 39, 83, 84, 85, 92, 107, 193, short-term 156
208 weather systems 114, 184
thermal 84–5, 88, 90, 91 climate records
data limitations 181
Cadillac Mountain Intrusive Complex, Maine 49, volcanic activity 179–80
53 climatology 180
caldera 12, 43–4, 43, 111, 200, 203, 208, 214 co-ignimbrite ash fall deposit 120
collapse 58, 158, 160, 217 co-ignimbrite cloud 120, 124
formation 44, 161, 163 cock’s tail plumes 11, 12
size 44, 158, 201, 214 conduction 130–1, 137
subsidence 46 continental arcs 24–6, 25
see also craters continental margin, active 24–6, 25
Callisto 191 continuity equation 215
canali 205 convection 18, 21, 22–3, 29, 31, 31, 40, 83, 84, 130–1
carbon dioxide 76 convection cloud
density 171 direction 120
hazards 171 dusty gas 121
monitoring 174 granular flow 121
solubility 61, 64, 146, 214 hindered settling 121
carbon monoxide 196–7 horizontal velocity 121
carbonatites 24, 135–6 particle collision 121
Cerro Galan caldera 158 sedimentation 121
choked flow 81 turbulent flow 121
cinder cones 4, 151, 199, 200 convergent margins 21, 21, 190