Page 245 - Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology

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222 INDEX

eruption (cont’d) internal structure 210
rate 5, 85, 86, 111–14, 112, 113, 114, 129, 131, 162, pressure 192, 210
163, 208–9, 215 surface ice 209, 209
repose times 61, 94, 159, 163, 172, 217 thermal convection 210
speed 111–14, 114, 118–19, 127, 192, 199, 208, 215 tidal flexing 210
style 2–14, 56, 144–64 evolved magmas 24, 59, 62, 74–5, 94, 104, 115, 127–8,
temperature 26 146–7, 152, 186, 217
uplift and subsidence 47 fragmentation 151
velocity 9, 94, 95–7, 104 rise speed 150
see also diatreme forming eruptions; effusive viscosity 95
eruptions; elastic eruptions; explosive eruptions; exit velocity 77, 89, 90, 90, 91, 152
hydromagmatic eruptions; ignimbrite forming controls on 80
eruptions; inelastic eruptions; phreatomagmatic dike shape 81, 82
eruptions; Plinian eruptions; Strombolian eruptions; supersonic 81
submarine eruptions; transient eruptions; Vulcanian vent radius 83
eruptions expansion wave 119
eruption cloud see eruption column explosive eruptions 1, 2, 11, 59, 62, 64, 70, 72, 75, 80,
eruption column 6, 7, 8, 9, 11–12, 13, 94, 103, 145, 151, 94–100, 144, 146, 147, 196, 211, 213
152, 199, 207 chemical composition 148–52
cauliflower cloud 83, 83 classification 9
collapse 89, 91, 92, 123–4 dispersal 9
convective region 6, 83, 83, 84, 87, 91, 98, 105, 112 frequency 100
density 84–5, 88 gas mass fraction 119
drift 107, 175 steady state 77–91, 148–50, 151–2
effect on climate 110, 184, 188 storage history 152–3
expansion 83, 84, 84, 106, 175 transient 95–100, 97, 148–51
fallout 86–8, 105–10, 123 exsolution 61–2, 64, 66–7, 76, 77, 89, 112, 129, 146,
gas-thrust region 84, 87, 87, 89, 91, 105, 112 147, 151, 160, 163, 217
hazards 110 depth 67, 71, 201
height 85–6, 85, 86, 92, 100, 111, 114, 114, 186, 215, pressure 147, 147
216, 217
mass flux 85, 88, 89, 92 fall deposits 6, 9, 105–25, 145, 157, 200, 200
modeling 104, 110–15 features of 109–10
neutral buoyancy height 83, 84, 85, 123 fluidization 168–9
rise speed 83, 88, 92 grading 110, 111
shape 83, 84, 106, 121 hazards 166–7, 167, 172, 177
steady eruption 82–6 isopach map 111, 112, 114, 115, 123
turbulence 88, 106, 107, 109 isopleth map 111, 112, 112, 114
umbrella region 85, 85, 92, 105, 107, 112 thickness 110, 111, 115
upward velocity 83, 84, 87, 87, 87, 106, 107, 123 volume 114–15, 123
eruption duration 1, 4, 12, 94, 115, 162, 187 faulting 24
effect on climate 186, 188 fiamme 116
and fall deposit 114–15, 123 filter-pressing 28
eruption plume see eruption column flood basalt eruptions 4–5, 5, 21, 24, 24, 39, 40, 41,
eruption volume 158, 161, 208–9 157, 157, 160–3, 187, 205, 213
atmospheric aerosols 185, 185 mass extinctions 187, 188
caldera size 158, 159 floods 13, 170, 202
climate impact 184–5 fluorine 5, 171
Etna see Mount Etna, Sicily fractional crystallization 25, 29, 58, 214
Europa 191, 209–10 fractures 29, 31, 41, 57, 214
density 210 fluid pressure fracturing 30
eruption speed 192 orientation 34