Page 244 - Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology

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INDEX 221

coronae 204, 204 stress traps 35–6, 36, 38, 39
crater lake eruptions 11–13 swarms 39, 39, 40, 41, 205
craters 101–2, 194, 196 system 77–8, 77, 78, 79, 86, 163
see also caldera; impact craters trapping 35–40, 41
crust wall friction 79–80, 81, 215
assimilation 25 dilatant fluid 132, 133
density 32, 33, 36, 38, 41, 214 divergent margins 19, 21, 190
extension 195 drag force 70–1, 86–7, 215
magma storage 43–52 air 96, 98–9, 107
silica content 32 diapir 32
solidus 32 Dust Veil Index 180, 183
cryosphere 202
cryovolcanism 191 Earth
crystallization 28, 44, 48, 61, 62, 68, 115 albedo 182
heat loss 190
dacite 5, 9, 24, 26, 134, 140, 142, 145, 146, 147, 152, earthquakes 45, 214
205 East African Rift Valley 21–2, 24, 24
dome 126 effusive eruptions 2–3, 10, 64, 144, 146, 213
viscosity 79 chemical composition 147–8
de Lavelle nozzle 81 conditions 147–8
Death Valley, California 14 storage history 152–3
Deccan Volcanic Province, India 157 ejecta see ash; blocks; bombs; clasts; pyroclasts
decompression 69–70, 71, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 119, 151, El Chichón, Mexico
213 climate monitoring 179, 182
dendrochronology 172, 180, 183 eruption cloud 107
dense rock equivalent volume 115 magma composition 186
density 31, 32, 35, 99, 116, 120, 216 satellite data 184
air 99 elastic cracks 27–8, 28
magma 36, 38, 38 elastic eruptions 158–60, 163
profiles 36–7, 37 elastic properties 33, 40, 41
diapir 29, 30, 31, 40–1 elastic solid 26, 27
buoyancy 32 Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) 46
flow pattern 31–2 energy equation 79–80, 95–6, 99, 215
host rock 31, 31 entrainment 83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 105, 118, 120, 152,
melt content 31, 213 215
rise speed 31–2, 41 environmental conditions, effect on volcanism 192–4
size 41 eruption 1, 2, 6, 10, 14, 15, 16
viscosity 40 atmospheric pressure 192
diatreme forming eruptions 14, 213 destructive effects 153
diffusion 68–72, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77 directed blasts 119–20
dike 13, 29, 30, 31, 39, 41, 53, 195, 214 effect on climate 179–81, 182–6, 182, 184, 188
crustal penetration 37 effect of environmental conditions 192–4
density traps 36, 38 fountain 89, 90, 91
feeder 45, 52, 54, 162, 163 frequency 1, 43, 56, 59–61, 59, 144–64
formation 32–3 geological record eruptions 156–7, 157, 185, 186,
fragmentation 74–5 187
geometry 39–40 historical eruptions 154–6, 155, 184–5, 186
intrusion 55, 56 locations 19, 20, 29, 184
propagation 33–5, 41, 46, 60, 174, 214 magnitude 1, 43, 59–61, 59, 144–64, 155, 180
rock magnetization 39 modeling 187
shape 41, 81–2 prediction 173–6
size 39–40, 41, 41, 193–4 probability 172, 173