Page 246 - Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology

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INDEX 223

propagation rate 33 glaciers 170
tip stress 35, 36, 36 glacier burst 13
fracture toughness 34–6, 38, 41, 214 glassy solids 115, 197, 197
fragmentation 73–5, 74, 77–8, 81, 92, 94, 127, 147–8, Global Positioning System (GPS) 46
153, 215 Global Volcanism Program 154
brittle 151–2 graben 195, 202
degree of 151 Grätz number 137, 141, 142
depth 152 gravity 86–7, 91–2, 96, 98–9, 118, 127, 193, 194, 199,
elastic 151–2 201, 203, 209
eruption style 73–5 see also acceleration due to gravity
friction 79–80, 80 Greenland 49, 53, 57
level 80, 91, 201 Gulf of Aden 21–2, 24
processes 151
friction 70, 78, 79–81, 96 harmonic tremors 174
fuel–coolant interaction 103 Hawai’I 11, 21, 49, 52, 56, 116, 141, 154–6
fumaroles 65, 65 lava flow hazards 166
shield volcanoes 126
Ganymede 191 see also Kilauea volcano
gas 61, 64–76, 99, 101, 103, 213, 217 Hawaiian eruptions 2–4, 6, 12, 64, 83, 145, 148, 153,
density 78, 87, 111 156, 162, 213
diffusion 68, 214 exit velocity 152
and eruption style 73–5 fragmentation 151
expansion 78–9, 80, 81, 84, 91, 95, 98, 118, 214, 215, heat
218 energy 84
hazards 170–1, 177 flow 137
monitoring 174 latent heat 102
perfect gas law 78 pipes 56
pressure 61, 69 radioactive source 191–2
solubility 34, 61, 146 specific heat 102
volume 69, 84 transfer 103
see also exsolution Heimaey, Iceland 8, 96, 97, 99, 100
gas bubbles 62, 64, 70 Hekla, Iceland 156
coalescence 70–7, 73, 91, 148–9, 149, 150, 153, 214, chamber volume 158
215, 217 fluorine 171
concentration gradient 69, 69 Hellas impact basin 198
growth 68–73, 73, 74, 76, 91 hot spots 21–2, 23, 29, 32, 40, 46, 190–1, 211, 213,
interconnected 73 214
nucleation 67–8, 71, 71, 74, 77, 80 hyaloclastite 13
radius 68, 69–71, 70, 71, 72 hydrogen chloride 65
rise speed 70–1, 71, 111 hydrogen fluoride 65
wake 71 hydrogen sulphide 65, 76, 171, 185
gas giants 191 hydromagmatic eruptions 10, 94, 100–1, 116,
gas pistoning 72, 72 213
gas–magma mix positive feedback 103
acceleration 78–81, 80, 89, 95, 96 steam expansion 101
density 78, 78, 88, 89 tephra 103
ratio 81, 95–6, 97 types 101–2
viscosity 79 velocity 102, 102
geophysical monitoring 46–9, 172 water volume 101–2, 102, 104
geothermal gradient 18, 22 see also phreatomagmatic eruptions
Gjálp eruption, Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland 170, hydrophones 19
171 hydrothermal water 25