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228 INDEX
Plinian eruptions (cont’d) terminal velocity 87, 87, 91, 120
duration 6, 186 vesicle size 73–4
exit velocity 152 see also ash; blocks; bombs; clasts; pumice; tephra
fall deposit 6
sub-Plinian 6, 151 radiation 130–1, 137, 140, 183–4, 188, 195
terminal fall velocity 106 radioactive decay, heat source 191–2, 194, 195
ultra-Plinian 6, 151, 213 radiocarbon dating 172
Pliny the Younger 5 rainfall 110, 217
plug 95, 98, 153 acid precipitation 180, 187
strength 95, 96–7, 104, 150, 153 fluidization 168–9
Poisson’s ratio 40 patterns 188
potential energy 78, 79–80, 100, 215, 216 Red Sea 21–2, 24
pressure 40, 66, 75, 79, 81, 160, 214, 218 regolith 211
basalt eruptions 193 Reynolds number 108
confining 18, 23, 65 rheology 33, 121, 213
lithostatic 27, 40, 193 rheomorphic deposits 128, 129
submarine 192, 213 rheomorphic flows 141
supersaturation 68 rhyolite 6, 24, 32, 59, 127, 134, 140, 142, 145, 147, 153,
see also decompression 158, 205
pressure balanced eruption 81 CO solubility 66–7, 67, 76
2
primitive magmas 146–7, 152 lava flow 127
pumice 74, 74, 110, 111, 115, 121, 128, 166 viscosity 79, 147, 152
pyroclastic density current deposits 115–21, 124 water solubility 65–7, 66, 76
central channel 121, 123 rifting 21–2, 22
cooling units 116 triple junction 21, 24
flow fronts 121 rilles
internal stratification 116, 121, 124 linear 194–5, 195
juvenile material 115 sinuous 195–6, 196, 197, 201
levées 121, 123 rootless lava flow 127, 128, 141, 216
see also fall deposits rootless vent 101, 208, 216
pyroclastic density currents 6, 7, 9, 10, 74, 91, 92,
105–25, 148, 160, 168 St Helens see Mount St Helens
convection cloud 117, 117, 120 Sakurajima, Japan, monitoring 174
density stratification 116, 117, 120, 216 saltation 121
deposition type 120, 121 Santorini, Greece 165
hazards 168, 172, 177 Saturn 191
laminar motion 120, 121 scoria deposits 74, 75, 127, 128, 200
origins 117–20 Scotland, Tertiary intrusive complexes 49, 54, 55
particle concentrations 117, 122 seismic gap 45, 46
property destruction 168, 169 seismic waves 19, 45–6, 57, 174
speeds 6, 122, 124, 168, 169 shear modulus 40
topography 117, 121, 124 shield volcanoes 41, 46, 126, 160, 198, 199, 200, 211
turbulent motion 120 sills 34, 49, 52, 56, 62, 214
pyroclastic fountain 89, 92, 118–19, 118, 119, 120, 123–4 cooling rate 53
pyroclastic surges see pyroclastic density currents size 193–4
pyroclasts 2, 7, 73, 79, 84, 215 Skaergaard, Greenland 49, 53, 57
accumulation rate 129 Solar system, volcanic activity 191–2
cross wind range 111–12, 113 solidus 18, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 27, 32, 68, 132, 135, 195
dispersal 8, 8, 110, 123, 199, 215–16 solitons 28
and eruption properties 105, 215 solubility laws 65–6, 78
fallout speed 107–8 sonar 10, 19
temperatures 86, 129 spatter cone 3–4, 4
