Page 252 - Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology

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INDEX 229

spatter deposits 127, 128, 200 thixotropic fluid 132, 133
steady state eruptions 64, 75, 76, 95, 100, 144, 148–50, tholeiitic basalt 23
151–2, 153, 216 thrust faults 206
eruption plumes 82–6 tidal flexing 191, 210
explosive 77–91 tilt, monitoring 46, 47, 50, 174, 175
stratosphere 170, 184, 218 tiltmeter 47–9, 159, 214
gas injection 186, 187 Titan 191
stress, compressive 34, 41 Toba 185, 186
Stromboli, Italy 1, 3, 6, 8, 59, 96, 97, 99, 100, 144, 158 toothpaste lava 139, 140
Strombolian eruptions 7, 12, 14, 70, 72, 94–5, 100, 148, Trans-Pecos volcanic province, Texas 129
150, 153, 156, 213 transient eruptions 8, 9, 64, 70, 75, 76, 94–104, 144,
dispersal 9, 99 148–50, 153, 216
duration 7–9, 103 transient explosions
explosive 75, 96–7 chemical composition 150–1
frequency 103–4 ejecta speed 97
gas content 99 magma rise speed 150
vent pressures 99 modeling 95–100
subduction zone 21, 21, 24–6, 29, 32, 213 pressure 97
diapir 40–1 shock wave 96
initiation 191 tree-ring dating 172, 180, 183
subglacial eruptions 13, 170, 213 Tristan da Cunha 23
submarine eruptions 3, 3, 127, 147, 147, 213 Triton 191
deep marine environments 10 tropopause 184
shallow marine 11–13 troposphere 184
submarine pressure 216 tsunami 165, 172
submersible dives 10
sulphur compounds 182, 183, 207–8 Ukinrek, Alaska 13, 102
see also hydrogen sulphide; sulphur dioxide; universal gas constant 96
sulphuric acid Unzen volcano, Japan 126
sulphur dioxide 65, 76, 171, 174, 185, 218 updoming 21, 22, 24, 47, 50, 57, 75, 95
sulphuric acid 171, 180, 183, 185–6, 188, 218 Uranus 191
super-volcano 162 Ureilites meteorites 211
surface tension 27, 27, 34, 67–8, 130, 197, 214 USA 1–2, 14, 21, 24, 49, 53, 59, 129, 144, 157
Surtsey, Iceland 11–12, 12 Usu volcano, Japan 46, 47
sustained eruptions see steady state eruptions
Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes ignimbrite 127
Taal, Philippines 12 Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland 13
Tambora, Indonesia 19, 156, 158, 179 veins 28, 29
ash darkness 182–3 vent 2, 3, 104, 111, 121, 215, 216
Taupo, New Zealand 6, 6, 13, 156 choked flow 81
temperature fissure 4
absolute 78 geometry and exit velocity 81
contrast 84 pressure 94, 95–7, 99, 118–19
equilibrium 102 pressure and eruption velocity 104
see also liquidus; solidus radius 83, 89, 90
tensile strength 34, 41, 60, 61 seawater access 12
tephra 12, 59 see also plug; rootless vent
blanket 4, 4 Venus 39, 190, 190, 191, 192, 202–5
jets 11, 12 acceleration due to gravity 203
Terceira, Azores 116 age of volcanics 205
tesserae 204 atmosphere 202, 205
thermal energy 103, 216 atmospheric pressure 148