Page 371 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

326 Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes: Physical, Chemical, and Biological

Specific gravity: See floc specific gravity. Camp, T. R., Root, D. A., and Bhoota, B. V., Effects of temperature
Technology: An anthropogenic device used to perform some on rate of floc formation, Journal of the American Water
Works Association, 32(11):1913–1927, November, 1940.
function.
Casson, L. W. and Lawler, D. F., Flocculation in turbulent flow:
Toughness: Refers to the resistance of floc to fragmentation
Measurement and modeling of particle size distributions,
by shear (see floc strength). Journal of the American Water Works Association, 82(8):
Universal equilibrium range: The range of the scales of 54–68, August, 1990.
turbulence that dissipate energy (François, 1987, Chakraborti, R. K., Atkinson, J. F., and Van Benschoten, J. E.,
p. 1023). The upper zone, the zone in which energy Characterization of alum floc by image analysis, Environmen-
is dissipated by inertia, is separated from the viscous tal Science and Technology, 34(18):3969–3976, September
15, 2000.
zone by Kolmogorov’s microscale of turbulence,
Chall, M. and Langelier, W. F., Teaching, research, and consulting
l(Kolmogorov). The eddies that transmit energy
in water purification and sewage treatment, UC Berkeley
and those which dissipate energy are not the same 1916–1955, Interview conducted by Malca Chall in 1970,
and they are independent of each other (François, Regional Oral History Office, Copy No. 7, The Bancroft
1987b, p. 1023). Library, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 1982.
van der Waals forces: Molecular forces resulting from the Clark, M. M., A critique of camp and Stein’s RMS velocity gradient,
interaction of induced dipoles; bond energies are 1–2 Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE,
111(EE6):741–753, December 1985.
kcal=mol (Hannah et al., 1967, p. 845).
Cleasby, J. L., Is velocity gradient a valid turbulent flocculation
Vortex: Same as eddy.
parameter, Journal of the Environmental Engineering
Vortex tube: Localized circular motion of a fluid that Division, ASCE, 110(EE5):875–897, October 1984.
extends over a distance into the fluid, but may have Edzwald, J. K., Principles and applications of dissolved air flotation,
curvature. Water Science and Technology, 31(3–4):1–23, 1995.
François, R. J., Ageing of aluminum hydroxide flocs, Water
Research, 21(5):523–531, 1987a.
REFERENCES François, R. J., Strength of aluminum hydroxide flocs, Water
Research, 21(9):1023–1030, 1987b.
Argaman, Y. A., Pilot plant studies of flocculation, Journal of the François, R. J. and Van Haute, A. A., Structure of hydroxide flocs,
American Water Works Association, 63(12):775–777, Water Research, 19(10):1249–1254, 1985.
December 1971. Gmachowski, L., Mechanism of shear aggregation, Water Research,
American Water Works Association, American Society of Civil 29(8):1815–1820, 1995.
Engineers, Water Treatment Plant Design, 3rd edn., Gorczyca, B. and Gahczarczyk, J., Influence of the nature of the
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990. turbidity on some properties of alum coagulation flocs, in: The
Amirtharajah, A. and Tambo, N., Mixing in water treatment, AWWA Annual Conference, Vancouver, BC, June 18–22,
in: Amirtharajah, A., Clark, M. M., and Trussell, R. R. 1992.
(Eds.), Mixing in Coagulation and Flocculation, American Gregory, J., Flocculation by polymers and polyelectrolytes, in: Solid=
Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, CO, Liquid Dispersions, Academic Press, Inc., London, U.K., 1987.
1991. Gregory, J., Fundamentals of flocculation, CRC Critical Reviews in
Argaman, Y. and Kaufman, W. J., Turbulence In Orthokinetic Environmental Control, 19(3):185–230, CRC Press, Boca
Flocculation, SERL Report No. 68-5, Sanitary Engineering Raton, FL, 1989.
Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, Gregory, J. and Guibai, L., Effects of dosing and mixing conditions
1968. on polymer flocculation of concentrated suspensions, Chem-
Argaman, Y. and Kaufman, W. J., Turbulence and flocculation, ical Engineering Communication, 108:3–21, 1991.
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, American Soci- Haarhoff, J., Design of around-the-end hydraulic flocculators, Aqua,
ety of Civil Engineers, 96(SA2):223–241, 1970. 47(3):142–152, 1998.
Baker, M. N., The Quest for Pure Water, American Water Works Haarhoff, J. and van der Walt, J. J., Toward optimal design of
Association, New York, 1949. around-the-end hydraulic flocculators, Aqua, 50(3):149–152,
Bellouti, M., Alves, M. M., Novais, J. M., and Mota, M., Flocs vs 2001.
Granules: Differentiation by Fractal Dimension, Research Halvorson, F. and Panzer, H. P., Flocculating agents, in: Grayson, M.
Note, Water Research, 31(5):1227–1231, 1997. (Ed.), Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
Bhargava, D. S. and Ojha, C. S. P., Models for design of flocculating Volume 10, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1980.
baffled channels, Water Research, 27(3):465–475, 1993. Ham, R. K. and Christman, R. F., Agglomerate size changes in
Burns and Roe, Inc., Process Design Manual for Suspended coagulation, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division,
Solids Removal, Technology Transfer Program, United States ASCE, 95(SA3):481–502, June 1969.
Environmental Protection Agency, October 1971. Han, M. and Lawler, D. F., The (relative) insignificance of G in
Camp, T. R., Flocculation and flocculation basins, Transactions, flocculation, Journal of the American Water Works Associ-
American Society of Civil Engineers, 120:1–16, 1955. ation, 84(10):79–91, October 1992.
Camp, T. R., Water treatment plant design, in: Manual of Engineer- Hannah, S. A., Cohen, J. M., and Robeck, G. G., Measurement of
ing Practice No. 19, ASCE, 1940, p. 29, Table 2, 1955. floc strength by particle counting, Journal American Water
Camp, T. R., Floc volume concentration, Journal of the American Works Association, 59(7):843–858, July 1967.
Water Works Association, 60(6):656–673, June 1968. Hanson, A. T. and Cleasby, J. L., The effects of temperature on
Camp, T. R. and P. C. Stein, Velocity gradients and internal work in turbulent flocculation: Fluid dynamics and chemistry, Journal
fluid motion, Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, of the American Water Works Association, 82(11):56–72,
October 1943. November 1990.