Page 147 - Geothermal Energy Renewable Energy and The Environment
P. 147
Resource Assessments 133
7.4 Chemical processes can result in limestone being replaced by quartz. Write the chemi-
cal reaction that would represent this process. If 40 vol.% of a limestone were replaced
by quartz, how would that affect the heat content of the limestone?
7.5 In Figure 7.5 it is demonstrated that fluid flow is often accommodated by only a frac-
tion of the total available permeable volume. Discuss the factors that account for this
observation. When exploring for a geothermal resource in fractured rock, what char-
acteristics would you consider favorable for supporting sufficient flow?
7.6 What are the geological processes that have resulted in the concentration of potentially
favorable geothermal sites in California, Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon, and Idaho
(Figure 7.6)? If you were to undertake a reconnaissance exploration effort, what spe-
cific area would you target and why?
7.7 What combination of factors would give the highest probability of being able to develop
an 8 MW facility?
reFerences
Berman, R. G. 1988. “Internally-Consistent Thermodynamic Data for Minerals in the System Na 2 O-K 2 O-CaO-
MgO-FeO-Fe 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -TiO 2 -H 2 O-CO 2 .” Journal of Petrology 29:445–522.
Berman, R. G., and T. H. Brown. 1985. “The Heat Capacity of Minerals in the System K 2 O- Na 2 O-CaO-
MgO-FeO-Fe 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -TiO 2 -H 2 O-CO 2 : Representation, Estimation and High Temperature
Extrapolation.” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 89:168–83.
Bodvarsson, G. S., and C. F. Tsang. 1982. “Injection and Thermal Breakthrough in Fractured Geothermal
Reservoirs.” Journal of Geophysical Research 87:1031–48.
Charpentier, R. R., and T. R. Klett. 2007. “A Monte Carlo Simulation Method for the Assessment of
Undiscovered, Conventional Oil and Gas.” Chapter 26 in Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of
Oil and Gas in the San Joaquin Basin Province, California, ed. A. H. Scheirer. U.S. Geological Survey
Professional Paper 1713.
Garg, S. K., and J. W. Pritchett. 1990. “Cold Water Injection Into Single- and Two-Phase Geothermal Reservoirs.”
Water Resources Research 26:331–38.
Gawell, K. 2006. California’s Geothermal Resource Base: Its Contribution, Future Potential and A Plan for
Enhancing Its Ability to Meet the States Renewable Energy and Climate Goals. California Energy
Commission Contractors Report for contract 500-99-13, subcontract C-05-29.
Giggenbach, W. F. 1988. “Geothermal Solute Equilibria. Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca Geoindicators.”
Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta52: 2749–65.
Giggenbach, W. F. 1992. “Chemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration.” In Application of Geochemistry
in Geothermal Reservoir Development, coordinator, F. D’Amore, 119–44. Rome, Italy: UNITAR/UNDP
Centre on Small Energy Resources.
Helgeson, H. C., J. M. Delany, H. W. Nesbitt, and D. K. Bird. 1978. “Summary and Critique of the Thermodynamic
Properties of Rock-Forming Minerals.” American Journal of Science 278-A:1–229.
Lovekin, J. 2004. “Geothermal Inventory.” Geothermal Resources Council Transactions 33 (6): 242–44.
Muffler, L. P. J. 1979. “Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States: 1978. U.S. Geological
Survey Circular 790:1–163.
Muffler, L. P. J., and R. Cataldi. 1978. “Methods for Regional Assessment of Geothermal Resources.”
Geothermics 7:53–89.
Nathenson, M. 1975. Physical Factors Determining the Fraction of Stored Energy Recoverable from
Hydrothermal Convection Systems and Conduction-Dominated Areas. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File
Report 75-525.
Navarotsky, A. 1995. “Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals. In Mineral Physics and Crystallography, ed.
T. J. Ahrens, 18–28. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
Petty, S., B. J. Livesay, W. P. Long, and J. Geyer. 1992. Supply of Geothermal Power from Hydrothermal
Sources: A Study of the Cost of Power in 20 and 40 Years. Sandia National Laboratory Contract Report
SAND92-7302.
Reed, M.J. 2007. “An investigation of the Dixie Valley geothermal field, Nevada, using temporal moment
analysis of tracer tests.” Proceedings, 32nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford
University.
Reed, M.J., and R.H. Mariner. 2007. “Geothermometer calculations for geothermal assessment” Transactions,
Geothermal Resources Council 31:89–92.