Page 474 - Global Tectonics

456 REFERENCES

Sinha, M.C. et al. (1998) Magmatic processes at slow spreading velocities and intraplate stress. Geophys. J. Roy. astr. Soc. 42,
ridges: implications of the RAMESSES experiment at 57°45′N 769–801.
on the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Geophys. J. Int. 135, 731–45. Somoza, R. (1998) Updated Nazca (Farallon)–South America rela-
Sinton, J.M. & Detrick, R.S. (1992) Mid-ocean ridge magma cham- tive motions during the last 40 My: implications for mountain
bers. J. geophys. Res. 97, 197–216. building in the central Andean region. JS Am. Earth Sci. 11,
Sisson, T.W. & Bronto, S. (1998) Evidence for pressure-release 211–15.
melting beneath magmatic arcs from basalt at Galunggung, Sonder, L.J. & Jones, C.H. (1999) Western United States extension:
Indonesia. Nature 391, 833–86. how the West was widened. Annu. Rev. Earth planet. Sci. 27,
Sleep, N.H. (1975) Formation of oceanic crust: some thermal con- 417–62.
straints. J. geophys. Res. 80, 4037–42. Spada, G., Ricard, Y. & Sabadini, R. (1992) Excitation of true polar
Sleep, N.H. (2003) Survival of Archean cratonal lithosphere. J. wander by subduction. Nature 360, 452–4.
geophys. Res. 108, 2302, doi:10.1029/2001JB000169. Späth A., le Roex, A.P. & Opiyo-Akech, N. (2001) Plume–
Sleep, N.H. (2005) Evolution of continental lithosphere. Annu. lithosphere interaction and the origin of continental rift-
Rev. Earth planet. Sci. 33, 369–93. related alkaline volcanism – the Chyulu Hills Volcanic
Smelov, A.P. & Beryozkin, V.I. (1993) Retrograded eclogites in the Province, southern Kenya. J. Petrol. 42, 765–87.
Olekma granite–greenstone region, Aldan Shield. Precambrian Spence, G.D. & Asudeh, I. (1993) Seismic velocity structure of the
Res. 62, 419–30. Queen Charlotte Basin beneath Hecate Strait. Can. J. Earth Sci.
Smith, A.G. (1999) Gondwana: its shape, size and position from 30, 787–805.
Cambrian to Triassic times. J. African Earth Sci. 28, 71–97. Spence, W. (1987) Slab pull and the seismotectonics of subducting

Smith, A.G. & Hallam, A. (1970) The fit of the southern conti- lithosphere. Rev. Geophys. 25, 55–69.
nents. Nature 225, 139–44. Spicer, R.A. et al. (2003) Constant elevation of southern Tibet over
Smith, A.G. & Pickering, K.T. (2003) Oceanic gateways as a criti- the past 15 million years. Nature 421, 622–4.
cal factor to initiate icehouse Earth. J. Geol. Soc. London 160, Spitzak, S. & DeMets, C. (1996) Constraints on present day plate
337–40. motions south of 30°S from satellite altimetry. Tectonophysics,
Smith, A.G., Smith, D.G. & Funnell, B.M. (1994) Atlas of Mesozoic 253, 167–208.
and Cenozoic coastlines. Cambridge University Press, Cam- Spudich, P. & Orcutt, J. (1980) A new look at the seismic velocity
bridge. structure of the oceanic crust. Rep. Geophys. Space Phys. 18,
Smith, D.E. et al. (1985) Global plate motion results from satellite 627–45.
laser ranging (abstract). EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 66, Stampfli, G.M. & Borel, G.D. (2002) A plate tectonic model for

848. the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate
Smith, D.K. & Cann, J.R. (1993) Building the crust at the Mid- boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons. Earth
Atlantic Ridge. Nature 365, 707–15. planet. Sci. Lett. 196, 17–33.
Smith, M. & Mosley, P. (1993) Crustal heterogeneity and base- Stanley, S.M. & Hardie, L.A. (1999) Hypercalcifi cation: paleontol-

ment influence on the development of the Kenya rift, East ogy links plate tectonics and geochemistry to sedimentology.
Africa. Tectonics 12, 591–606. GSA Today 9, 1–7.
Smith, W.H.F. & Sandwell, D.T. (1997) Global seafl oor topogra- Stauder, W. (1968) Mechanism of the Rat Island earthquake
phy from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science sequence of February, 1965, with reference to island arcs and
277, 1957–62. sea-fl oor spreading. J. geophys. Res. 73, 3847–58.
Smithies, R.H. (2000) The Archean tonalite–tondhjemite–grano- Steckler, M.S. (1985) Uplift and extension in the Gulf of Suez:
diorite (TTG) series is not an analogue of Cenozoic adakite. indications of induced mantle convection. Nature 317, 135–9.
Earth planet. Sci. Lett. 182, 115–25. Stein, C.A. & Stein, S. (1992) A model for the global variation in
Smithson, S.B. & Brown, S.K. (1977) A model for the lower con- oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age. Nature 359,

tinental crust. Earth planet. Sci. Lett. 35, 134–44. 123–9.
Snider, A. (1858) La Création et ses Mystères Dévoilés. Frank and Stein, S. & Stein, C.A. (1996) Thermo-mechanical evolution of
Dentu, Paris. oceanic lithosphere: implications for the subduction process
Snow, J.K. & Wernicke, B. (2000) Cenozoic tectonism in the and deep earthquakes. In Bebout, G.E. et al. (eds) Susduction
central Basin and Range: magnitude, rate, and distribution of Top to Bottom. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 96, 1–17. American Geo-
upper crustal strain. Amer. J. Sci. 300, 659–719. physical Union, Washington, DC.
Sobolev, S.V. & Babeyko, A.Y. (2005) What drives orogeny in the Stein, S. & Wysession, M. (2003) An Introduction to Seismology, Earth-
Andes? Geology 33, 671–20. quakes, and Earth Structure. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Sobolev, S.V. et al. (2005) Thermo-mechanical model of the Dead Steinberger, B. & O’Connell, R.J. (2000) Effects of mantle fl ow on
Sea transform. Earth planet. Sci. Lett. 238, 78–95. Hotspot motion. In Richard, M., Gordon, R.G. & van der
Solomon, M. (1990) Subduction, arc reversal, and the origin Hilst, R.O. (eds) The History and Dynamics of Global Plate
of porphyry copper-gold deposits in island arcs. Geology 18, Motions. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 121, pp. 377–398. American
630–3. Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
Solomon, S.C., Sleep, N.H. & Richardson, R.M. (1975) On the Stern, R.A., Syme, E.C. & Lucas, S.B. (1995) Geochemistry of 1.9
forces driving plate tectonics: inferences from absolute plate Ga MORB- and OIB-like basalts from the Amisk collage, Flin