Page 410 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

VARIABLE SPEED ELECTRICAL DRIVERS 399

The control of motor speed essentially requires two components, one for varying the terminal
voltage of the motor and one for varying the frequency of this voltage. Part of the control system
will contain a function generator that will convert a voltage signal into a frequency signal. As the
voltage is changed so will the frequency be changed in sympathy. Above about 10% of rated voltage
the characteristic of this sympathetic control will be linear dependency. Below 10% the voltage-to-
frequency ratio will need to be slightly increased so as to avoid over-fluxing the iron core of the
motor. Block (16) contains the appropriate characteristic. However, controlling the speed in such a
low range is seldom required. During the starting sequence the motor will initially receive at least
10% of its rated voltage and frequency, thereafter it will be ramped upwards to the required steady
state conditions. The ramp rate (11) will depend upon the response characteristics of the mechanical
load, e.g. static torque versus speed curve, low or high moment of inertia. The ramp rate should
be slower than the speed response of the driven load otherwise the operating point on the torque
versus speed curve of the motor will more towards the peak value, and in the extreme situation move
to the left of the peak value. During these undesirable situations the current drawn by the motor
may exceed its full load value. If an overcurrent limiter (13) is incorporated then the motor will be
forced to operate in the stable right-hand side of its torque-speed curve. In practice the setting of the
current limiter should be a reasonable margin above the full-load current of the motor e.g. +20%,
but not too high as to require an unnecessarily high current rating for the rectifier and inverter power
semiconductors. The manufacture of the rectifier-inverter will often be able to advise what the upper
limit should be to suit a particular driven load. The current signal taken in the DC link at (7) could
alternatively be taken from current transformer in the AC supply circuit, i.e. in the switchgear or the
rectifier cubicle. The voltage control of the rectifier should be of a closed-loop type which should
have a reasonably high degree of regulation. The control loop can be closed by feedback (A) from the
DC link voltage (17) or the inverter output (20). Signal (B) which is used to control the rectifier firing
circuits (10) can also be used as an alternative to (A) for controlling the frequency of the inverter.
If the cables are long then some compensation for volt-drop could be incorporated into the voltage
controller. If a very small speed regulation is required e.g. less than 1% then a tacho-generator (5)
will be needed, which will to some extent override the voltage feedback provided by the DC link
voltage measurement blocks (17) and (18). The regulation can be adjusted by the feedback gain (21),
the more the feedback the lower the regulation. However, the system has time constants in most
of the blocks and so the overall transfer function is likely to become unstable if the feedback gain
(21) or the forward path gain (22) is too high. Without the tacho-generator the inverter-motor system
is open-loop unless a frequency signal is derived from the measurement of current or voltage in
block (20).

Block (19) is an oscillator in which its frequency is controlled to be directly proportional to
its input DC signal from the characteristic block (16).
Some manufacturers recommend using a filter at the output of the inverter to smooth the
waveform applied to the motor and to reduce the sharp rise and fall in the notches that may be
present, as in the case of current-fed motors. Steep sided notches cause a high dV/dt across the
insulation of the motor, which can reduce the life expectation of the insulation. The filter may also
be required to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI).

Modern fast-acting micro-computers are capable of storing and manipulating a reasonably
detailed mathematical model of the motor. It is therefore possible to compute the model in ‘parallel’
with the actual motor and compare the computed variables with those measured at the output of the
inverter. An algorithm can be developed that will adjust the rectifier and inverter set-points so that
the actual motor responds more like the mathematical model. An advantage of such a scheme is the