Page 65 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

44 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Droop governing requires a steady state error in speed to create the necessary feedback control
of the fuel value. ‘Droop’ means that a fall in shaft speed (and hence generator electrical frequency)
will occur as load is increased. It is customary that a droop of about 4% should occur when 100%
load is applied. Droop governing provides the simplest method of sharing load between a group of
generators connected to the same power system.

In control theory terminology this action is called ‘proportional control’. This method of
governing is the one most commonly used in power systems because it provides a reasonably accurate
load sharing capability between groups of generators.

Isochronous governing causes the steady state speed error to become zero, thereby producing
a constant speed at the shaft and a constant frequency for the power system. Isochronous governing
is also a form of ‘integral control’. This method is best suited to a power system that is supplied by
one generator. This type of power system has very limited application. However, there are situations
where one isochronously governed generator can operate in parallel with one or more droop-governed
generators. The droop-governed generators will each have a fixed amount of power assigned to them
for the particular system frequency. This is achieved by adjusting their set points. As the demand on
the whole system changes, positively or negatively, the isochronously governed generator will take
up or reject these changes, and the steady state frequency will remain constant. This hybrid type of
load sharing is seldom used in the oil industry.
Accurate power sharing and constant speed control can be obtained by using a specially
designed controller. This controller incorporates load measurement of each generator, measurement
of common system frequency and a sub-system to reduce the power mismatches of each generator to
zero. The controller regularly or even continuously trims the speed set points of each gas turbine to
maintain zero mismatches. A slowly operating integrator can be superimposed onto these set points
to adjust them simultaneously so that the frequency is kept constant. This is a form of ‘proportional-
integral’ control. See also Chapter 16 for a further discussion of these subjects.

The basic control system of most gas turbine generator systems is shown in Figure 2.13.
Where ω = shaft speed
ω ref = reference speed
P e = electrical power at the generator shaft
P m = mechanical output power of the gas turbine
P a = accelerating power
P f = friction and windage power

2.5.4 Load Sharing between Droop-governed Gas Turbines

Consider a number of generators connected to the same busbars. For the purpose of generality it will
be assumed that each of the generators has a different power rating, and that each governor has a
different droop. The droop characteristic for the i th gas turbine is,

D i P i f o
f = f zi − (2.62)
G i
Where f o = the nominal system frequency in Hz

f = the actual system frequency in Hz