Page 557 - Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse

Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse—Past, Present and Future 527

14.3.5 Membranes
• Newer membranes: hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes and
natural and synthetic membranes that have high capacity for removal
of pollutants and also exhibit selectivity with tailor made structures for
improved performance; better mechanical, chemical; and thermal pro-
perties; and less fouling
• New processes, equipment designs, and membrane modules
• Better theoretical models for a priori prediction of process performance
and evaluation
• New processes, methods, and equipment for pre-treatment and regen-
eration, employing less chemicals and energy and avoiding generation
of a secondary waste stream
• Hybrid and composite materials and processes and process intensification
that result in the increased efficiency and efficacy of the operation
• Low cost of materials, processes, and regeneration
• Performance guarantees for commercial operations involving wastewa-
ters from different industries and for a variety of pollutants.

14.3.6 Advanced Oxidations
• New catalysts and reagents that have high capacity for removal and
destruction of pollutants by employing mild process conditions of tem-
perature and pressure
• New processes and equipment designs
• Better theoretical models for a priori prediction of process performance
and evaluation
• Hybrid processes and process intensification that result in the increased
efficiency and efficacy of the operation
• Low cost of materials and processes
• Performance guarantees for commercial operations involving wastewa-
ters from different industries and for a variety of pollutants.
14.3.7 Cavitation

• Newer applications with high capacities for removal of pollutants and
also exhibiting selectivity for refractory pollutants
• New processes and equipment designs, such as cavitating reactors
• Better theoretical models for a priori prediction of process performance
and evaluation
• Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for better understanding of flows
in various devices, cavities formation, and collapse leading to disintegra-
tion of pollutants