Page 556 - Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse

526 Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse

14.3.2 Adsorption and Ion Exchange
• Newer materials as adsorbents or resins, natural or synthetic, hydrophilic
and/or hydrophobic properties that have high capacity for removal of
pollutants with selectivity, where required; as well as tailor-made struc-
tures for improved performance
• New processes and equipment designs
• Better theoretical models for a priori prediction of process performance
and evaluation
• New processes, methods, and equipment for regeneration that employ
less chemicals and energy and avoid producing secondary waste streams
• Hybrid or composite materials and processes or process intensification
resulting in increased efficiency and efficacy of the operation
• Low cost of materials, processes, and regeneration
• Performance guarantees for commercial operations involving wastewa-
ters from different industries and for a variety of pollutants.

14.3.3 Coagulation
• New coagulant materials: natural and synthetic substances, inorganic and
organic substances, such as polymers of different molecular weight and
functionality
• Hybrid or composite materials and coagulant formulations for better per-
formance in terms of COD or pollutant removal, settling characteristics,
and sludge volume
• New designs and theoretical models for predicting performance
• New processes, methods, and equipment that require less plant space and
energy and minimize the secondary waste stream.
• Low cost of materials, equipment, and operation
• Performance guarantees for commercial operations involving waste-
waters from different industries and for a variety of pollutants.

14.3.4 Extractions
• New solvents, designer solvents, and biodegradable solvents suitable for
selective removal of pollutants
• New equipment and process design for extraction and recovery
• Development of extractant-impregnated substances, including resins,
adsorbents, and membranes
• Low cost and new applications.