Page 558 - Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse

528 Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse

• Hybrid processes and process intensification that result in the increased
efficiency and efficacy of the operation
• Low cost of operation and energy
• Performance guarantees for commercial operations involving wastewa-
ters from different industries and for a variety of pollutants.

14.3.8 Biological Processes

• New microorganisms that can degrade pollutants more effectively
• New processes and equipment designs, especially for increased
effectiveness and less space
• Hybrid processes and process intensification that result in the increased
efficiency and efficacy of the operation
• Low cost of operation and energy
• Performance guarantees for commercial operations involving wastewa-
ters from different industries and for a variety of pollutants.

14.3.9 Advanced Modelling, Instrumentation, and Process
Control Tools
• Water networks and pinch analysis: minimize water requirements
• Computational fluid dynamics: enhance the performance of individual
process equipment
• On-line analysis and monitoring instruments
• Wireless sensing and monitoring
• System optimization and process control tools and artificial intelligence
tools.
Other than demanding the general and specific recommendations pertaining
to each process, present day operations also require several specific solutions
for smooth operations and some of these could be:
• Pumps: Several pumps are employed for the primary, secondary, and ter-
tiary treatment stages, and these pumps require protection, especially
from grit, to safeguard and extend life of the equipment. Conventional
pumps are being replaced by suitable submersible pumps that are easy to
install, operate, maintain, and repair.
• Piping and new materials: A variety of new materials, such as a specialized
form of stainless steel composites, can be employed for better corrosion
resistance, avoidance of depositions, and weight reduction.
• Solar energy: More efficient photo-catalytic processes for wastewater
treatment must be developed in order to make efficient use of solar