Page 246 - Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry

Colloid stability 235

influences must be weakened sufficiently before precipitation will
take place. For example, gelatin has a sufficiently strong affinity for
water to be soluble (unless the electrolyte concentration is very high)
even at its isoelectric pH, where there is no double-layer interaction.
Casein, on the other hand, exhibits weaker hydrophilic behaviour
and is precipitated from aqueous solution when the pH is near to the
isoelectric point.
Owing to their affinity for water, hydrophilic colloids are unaffected
by the small amounts of added electrolyte which cause hydrophobic
sols to coagulate but are often precipitated (salted out) when the
electrolyte concentration is high. The ions of the added electrolyte
dehydrate the hydrophilic colloid by competing for its water of
hydration. The salting-out efficacy of an electrolyte, therefore,
depends upon the tendencies of its ions to become hydrated. Thus,
cations and anions can be arranged in the following lyotropic series of
approximately decreasing salting-out power:

2+
2+
2+
Mg >Ca >Sr >Ba 2+
and
, 2-
1
>C1 >NO, >F>CNS~
Ammonium sulphate, which has a high solubility, is often used to
precipitate proteins from aqueous solution.
Lyophilic colloids can also be desolvated (and precipitated if the
electric double layer interaction is sufficiently small) by the addition
of non-electrolytes, such as acetone or alcohol to aqueous gelatin
solution and petrol ether to a solution of rubber in benzene.

Dispersions containing stabilising agents 111-114

The stability of lyophobic sols can often be enhanced by the addition
of soluble lyophilic material which adsorbs on to the particle surfaces.
Such adsorbed material is sometimes called a protective agent. The
stabilisation mechanism is usually complex and a number of factors
may be involved.
Lyophilic stabilisation is particularly important in non-aqueous
115
systems , e.g. oil-based paints, and in systems of very high particle
concentration where electrostatic stabilisation is of limited effective-
ness. It is also essential in biological systems, e.g. blood, where the