Page 98 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

80 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT HANDBOOK

CML 2002
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/projects/lca2/lca2.html

Developed by Leiden University's Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML)
in the Netherlands, the developers of CML 2002 aimed to operationalize the
ISO14040 standards and provide best practice for midpoint indicators. CML
2002 includes nine "baseline" impact categories that are used in almost all LCA
studies, and twelve "study-specific impact categories" that may merit inclu-
sion, if appropriate to the goal and scope. CML 2002 includes recommended
methods for normalization but no recommended methods for weighting.
After conducting an extensive review of existing methodologies, the authors
of CML's LCA Handbook provide CFs for more than 1500 different LCI results.
For most impact categories, a baseline and a number of alternative character-
ization methods are recommended. In addition, a comprehensive list of CFs
and normalization factors are supplied.

CML 2002 Reference:
Guinee, J.B. (Ed.), M. Gorree, R. Heijungs, G. Huppes, R. Kleijn, A. de Koning,
L. van Oers, A. Wegener Sleeswijk, S.Suh, H.A. Udo de Haes, JA. de
Bruijn, R. van Duin and MA.J. Huijbregts (2002). Handbook on Life Cycle
Assessment: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards. Series: Eco-efficiency
in industry and science. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Eco-Indicator 99
http: / / www.pre.nl/eco-indicator99/
Developed by PRe Consultants in the Netherlands, Eco-indicator 99 is a
damage-oriented approach that characterizes elementary flows into eleven
midpoint categories as an intermediary modeling step toward damage
modeling of three endpoint categories: human health, ecosystem quality

Table 4.1 Midpoint impact categories modeled in CML 2002.
Baseline: Study-Specific: Other:

Depletion of Abiotic Resources Impacts of Land Use Depletion of Biotic
Impacts of Land Use - Loss of life support Resources
- Land Competition function Dessication
Climate Change - Loss of biodiversity Malodorous Water
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Ecotoxicity
Human Toxicity - Freshwater sediment
Ecotoxicity - Marine sediment
- Freshwater Aquatic Malodorous Air
- Marine Aquatic Noise
- Terrestrial Waste Heat
Photo-Oxidant Formation Casualties
Acidification
Eutrophication