Page 102 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

84 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT HANDBOOK

CFs for almost 1500 LCI results. Normalisation factors represent the environ-
mental load of one average European and can be carried out either at midpoint
or at damage level.

References for IMPACT 2002+:
Humbert S, Margni M, Jolliet O (2005) IMPACT 2002+: User Guide - Version
2.1, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Jolliet O, Margni M, Charles R, Humbert S, Payet J, Rebitzer G, Rosenbaum
R (2003): IMPACT 2002+: ANew Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methodology
IntJLCA8(6)324-330.

IMPACT World+
IMPACT World+ is an update to IMPACT 2002+. It is being developed by a
consortium of researchers including CIRAIG at the Ecole Polytechnique de
Montreal, Denmark Technical University (DTU), Quantis International, Ecole
Polytechnique de Lausanne (EPFL), and the University of Michigan. The
developers of IMPACT World+ recognize the need to offer a regionalized
methodology at the global scale, implementing state-of-the-art characteriza-
tion modeling developed since the publication of IMPACT 2002+ and LUCAS,
and include uncertainty information encompassing both spatial variability
and model uncertainty. This not only allows applying more environmentally
relevant CFs, but also a regional assessment of any geo-referenced emission.
This helps to ultimately determine the uncertainty related to an unknown loca-
tion of an emission by associating the corresponding geographical variability
to each CF at a given geographical scale.
LIME
http://www.jemai.or.jp/lcaforum/index.cfm

The LCA National Project of Japan developed a damage-oriented (endpoint)
impact assessment method called LIME (Life-cycle Impact assessment Method)
that quantifies environmental impacts as a result of environmental loadings in
Japan. LIME covers the potential damage on socioeconomic impacts caused
by the utilization of abiotic resources, and increased extinction risk and loss
of primary production caused by mining of resources measured as main dam-
ages of resource consumption. Modeling socioeconomic impacts is based on
the concept of user-cost which accounts for the equity of future generations.
The procedure to measure damage to ecosystems is based on studies estimat-
ing the risk of specific species extinction. Damage factors of mineral resources,
fossil fuels and biotic resources enables LIME users to compare and integrate
the damages derived from the other impact categories without the use of value
judgment. For characterization, LIME involves eleven midpoint impact cat-
egories. The damage assessment categories were catalogued into four areas of
protection (safeguard subjects): human health, social welfare, biodiversity, and
plant production. The weighting method is based on a combined analysis to
provide weighting across the four areas of protection. With this analysis, two
types of weighting factors were collectively implemented: (1) An amount of