Page 99 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 81

and resource depletion. The system of cultural theory separates the dam-
age models into three personal perspective categories: egalitarian, long time
perspective whereby a minimum of scientific proof justifies inclusion; indi-
vidualist, short time perspective whereby only proven effects are included;
hierarchist, balanced time perspective whereby consensus among scien-
tists determines inclusion of effects. The hierarchist version is chosen as the
default, while the other two versions are suggested for use in a robustness
analysis. Normalization factors represent the environmental load of one aver-
age European (calculated by dividing the total environmental load in Europe
by the number of inhabitants and multiplying by a scaling factor of 1000). The
model assumes all emissions and land uses, and subsequent damage, occur in
Western Europe, except for damages to resources and those leading to climate
change, ozone layer depletion, air emissions of persistent carcinogenic sub-
stances, inorganic air pollutants that have long-range dispersion, and some
radioactive substances. A subsequent weighting step might be performed to
view results in a single score applying weighting factors specific to each cul-
tural perspective (Table 4.2).

Eco-Indicator 99 Reference:
PRe (2001) The Eco-Indicator 99: A Damage Oriented Method for Life Cycle
rd
Impact Assessment, Methodology report. June 22, 2001. 3 edition. PRe
Consultants, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.

EDIP (1997-2003)
http://www.ipl.dtu.dk/English.aspx
http://ipt.dtu.dk/~mic/EDIP2003

The Environmental Design of Industrial Products (EDIP) program is the
result of collaborative efforts of five major Danish companies, two institutes
of the Denmark Technical University (DTU), and the Confederation of Danish
Industries. An update of the EDIP97 method, EDIP2003 supports spatially dif-
ferentiated characterization modeling, encompassing a larger portion (through
additional sub-categories of the environmental mechanisms) than EDIP97,
resulting in a method providing midpoint indicators closer to a damage-
oriented approach. In this respect, EDIP2003 is primarily a midpoint method

Table 4.2 Weighting sets for hierarchist, egalitarian, and individualist perspectives
based on panel survey.
Hierarchist Egalitarian Individualist

Human Health 40% 30% 55%
Ecosystem Quality 40% 50% 25%

Resources 20% 20% 20%