Page 101 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 83

Table 4.4 Midpoint impact categories modeled in EPS 2000.
Human Health: Natural Environment: Depletion of
Life Expectancy Crop Production Capacity Reserves:
Severe Morbidity Wood Production Capacity - Element
and Suffering Fish and Meat Production Capacity - Fossil Oil
Morbidity Base Cation Capacity - Fossil Coal
Severe Nuisance Production Capacity for Water - Mineral
Nuisance - Irrigation Water Extinction of Species
- Drinking Water
Cultural and recreation value indicators are defined as needed.

Table 4.5 Midpoint impact categories modeled in IMPACT 2002+

Global Warming Photochemical Oxidation Land Occupation
Human Toxicity Aquatic Ecotoxicity Non-Renewable
Respiratory Effects Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Energy
Ionizing Radiation Aquatic Acidification Mineral Extraction
Ozone Layer Depletion Aquatic Eutrophication
Terrestrial Acidification/
Nutrification

Reference for EPS 2000:
CPM (1999) A Systematic Approach to Environmental Priority Strategies in
Product Development (EPS). Version 2000 - General System Characteristics.
CPM report 1999: 4, prepared by B. Steen, Chalmers University of
Technology Gothenburg, Sweden.

IMPACT 2002+
http: / / www.impactmodeling.org/

The IMPact Assessment of Chemical Toxicants (IMPACT) 2002+ methodol-
ogy presents a combined midpoint/damage approach, linking all types of
life cycle inventory results (elementary flows and other interventions) via
fourteen midpoint categories to four damage categories: Human Health,
Ecosystem Quality, Resources and Climate Change. This latter has been con-
sidered representative for the Area of Protection - Life Supporting Function.
For IMPACT 2002+ new concepts and methods have been developed, espe-
cially for the comparative assessment of human toxicity and eco-toxicity.
Human Damage Factors are calculated for carcinogens and non-carcinogens,
employing intake fractions, best estimates of dose-response slope factors, as
well as severities. Both human toxicity and ecotoxicity effect factors are based
on mean responses rather than on conservative assumptions. Other mid-
point categories were adapted from existing characterizing methods such as
Eco-indicator 99 and CML 2002. The IMPACT 2002+ method presently provides