Page 348 - Lindens Handbook of Batteries

LiTHiUM PriMAry BATTerieS 14.13

carbon monofluoride (Li/CFx) battery is another of the early solid-cathode batteries and is attrac-
tive because of its high theoretical capacity and flat discharge characteristics. it is also manufactured
in coin, cylindrical, and prismatic configurations. The higher cost of polycarbon monofluoride has
affected the commercial potential for this system, but it is finding use in biomedical, military, and space
applications where cost is not a factor. This system is also finding increased use in digital cameras.
The lithium/vanadium pentoxide (Li/V O ) battery has a high volumetric energy density, but
2
5
with a two-step discharge profile. its main application has been in reserve batteries (Chap. 35).
The lithium/silver vanadium oxide (Li/AgV O ) battery is used in medical applications, such
5.5
2
as defibrillators, which have pulse load requirements as this battery is capable of relatively high-
11
rate discharge. The other solid-cathode lithium batteries operate in the range of 1.5 V and were
developed to replace conventional 1.5 V button or cylindrical cells. The lithium/copper oxide (Li/
CuO) cell is noted for its high coulombic energy density and has the advantage of higher capacity
or lighter weight when compared with conventional cylindrical cells. it is capable of performance
at high temperatures and, has a long shelf life under adverse conditions. it is not currently available
commercially. The iron disulfide (Li/FeS ) cell has similar advantages over the conventional cells,
2
plus the advantage of high-rate performance. Once available in a button cell configuration, it is
now being marketed commercially in high-rate cylindrical AA and AAA sizes as a replacement for
alkaline-manganese dioxide batteries.
The remaining solid-cathode systems listed in Tables 14.1 and 14.4 are not currently commer-
cially available.
Typical discharge curves for the major solid-cathode batteries are shown in Fig. 14.4. The dis-
charge curves of the Li/SO and Li/SOCl batteries showing their flatter discharge profile are also
2
2
plotted for comparison purposes.
A comparison of the performance of several of the solid-cathode batteries in a low-rate button
configuration and the higher-rate cylindrical configuration is presented in Sec. 8.3. in the button
configuration the lithium batteries have an advantage in specific energy (Wh/kg) over many of the
conventional batteries. This advantage may not be too important in these small battery sizes, but
the lithium batteries have an advantage of lower cost, particularly when compared with the silver
cells, and longer shelf life. in addition, the zinc/mercuric oxide battery, which once dominated the

3.5
, 60-h rate
Li/SOCl 2
3.0 Li/V O , 200-h rate
5
2
, 100-h rate
Li/MnO 2
Li/SO , 30-h rate
2
2.5 Li/Ag CrO , 1000-h rate
4
2
Voltage, V 2.0 Li/CFx, 100-h rate
1.5 Li/CuO (2000-h rate)
Li/FeS (50-h rate)
2
1.0

25 50 75 100
Percent of rated capacity discharged
FIGURE 14.4 Typical discharge curves of lithium/solid-cathode batteries.