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2. Microcantilevers, microhinges, microbridges                    125
         previous ones that have already been presented. The unknown reactions have
         to be first determined as  functions of the distributed load q  and the dummy
         force      followed by calculation  of     The calculus  tool is again
         Castigliano’s displacement theorem.  The  bending  moments are  next  given,
         which provides the means of solving the two above-mentioned tasks:



















          In the end, the deflection at the mid-point 3 is:







          5.3.2  Torsion


             A similar approach can be applied  when  a torque   is applied to the
          compound microcantilever of Fig. 2.39. The reaction moment at the end  1  is
          determined  to be (by  applying the  zero  rotation angle at  that point  and
          through Castigliano’s displacement theorem):





          The torsional stiffness at the midpoint 3 is then calculated as:





          For a microbridge formed of three identical segments of identical rectangular
          cross-section  with        Eq. (2.210) simplifies to:






          which is the known equation, also given in Eq. (2.189).
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