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ION–SOLVENT INTERACTIONS 87

8. A. M. Azzam, “Theoretical Calculation of Hydration Numbers,” Z. Phys. Chem. (N.F.)
33: 320 (1962).
9. R. Zana and E. Yeager, “Solvation Numbers from Partial Molar Volumes,” J. Phys. Chem.
71: 521 (1967).
10. G. E. Walfren, “Spectroscopic Evidence on Hydration,” J. Chem. Phys. 55: 768 (1971).
11. J. O’M. Bockris and P. P. S. Saluja, “Hydration Numbers for Partial Molar Volumes and
Vibrational Potentials from Solutions,” J. Phys. Chem. 76: 2140 (1972).
12. A. K. Soper, G. W. Neilson, J. E. Enderby, and R. A. Howe, “Neutron Diffraction and
Coordination Numbers in Solution,” J. Phys. Soc. 10: 1793 (1977).
13. N. A. Hewich, G. W. Neilson, and J. E. Enderby, “Deconvolution within Neutron
Diffraction Data and the Structure of the Hydration Sheath,” Nature 297: 138 (1982).
14. H. Friedman, “Time of residence of water molecules near ions,” Chem. Scripta 25: 42
(1985).

Review
1. G. A. Krestov, Thermodynamics and Structure in Solvation, Ellis Harwood, New York
(1990).

Papers
1 . S. Koda, J. Goto, T. Chikusa, and H. Nomura, J. Phys. Chem. 93: 4959 (1989).
2. G. Omori and A. Santucci, J. Chem. Phys. 93: 2939 (1990).
3. M. Jukiewicz and M. Figlerowicz, Ultrasonics 28: 391 (1990).
4. B. Wilson, R. Georgiadis, and J. A . Bartmess, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113: 1762 (1991).
5. I. Howell, G. W. Neilson, and P. Chieuk, J. Mol. Struct. 250: 281 (1991).
6. P. A. Bergstrom and J. Lindgren, Inorg. Chem. 31: 1529 (1992).
7. P. A. Bergstrom, J. Lindgren, M. Sandrum, and Y. Zhou, Inorg. Chem. 31: 150 (1992).
8. B. Guillot, P. Martineau, and J. O. Grist, J. Chem. Phys. 93: 6148 (1993).
9. M. Maroncelli, V. P. Kumer, and A. Papazyan, J. Phys. Chem. 97: 13 (1993).
10. J. M. Alia, H. G. M. Edwards, and J. Moore, Spectrochim. Acta 16: 2039 (1995).
11. J. Barthell, J. Mol. Liquids 65: 177 (1995).
12. Y. Tominaga, Y. Wang, A. Fujiwara, and K. Mizoguchi, J. Molec. Liquids 65: 187 (1995).
13. M. J. Shaw and W. E. Geiger, Organometallics 15: 13 (1996).
14. A. E. Johnson and A. B. Myers, J. Phys. Chem. 100: 7778 (1996).
15. A. S. L. Lee and Y. S. Li, Spectrochim. Acta 52: 173 (1996).
16. G. W. Neilson and J. E. Enderby, J. Phys. Chem. 100: 1317 (1996).

2.12. DIELECTRIC EFFECTS

2.12.1. Dielectric Constant of Solutions
The electric field created between two plates of a parallel-plate condenser in a
vacuum is greater than the field that exists between the same plates with the same