Page 293 - Pipeline Risk Management Manual Ideas, Techniques, and Resources

13/270 Stations and Surface Facilities
C2. SCADAkommunicutions A SCADA system allows should be recorded electronically (database) or on forms
remote monitoring and some control functions, normally from a (records) for personnel review and future use. There should be
central location, such as a control center. Standard industry no recent history of station documentation-related problems.
practice seems to be 24-hours-per-day monitoring of “real- All as-built station data and drawings should accurately
time” critical data with audible and visible indicators (alarms) reflect the current facility conditions. A formal MOC process
set for abnormal conditions. At a minimum, control center oper- should be in place that identifies facility activity or condition
ators should have the ability to safely shut down critical equip- changes that may affect the documentation program and pro-
ment remotely when abnormal conditions are seen. Modem vides adequacy review guidelines (see below). A formal written
communication pathways and scan rates should bring in fresh process should exist for the modification of station facility data
data every few seconds with 99.9%+ reliability and with redun- and drawings (records, procedures, maps, schematics, align-
dant (often manually implemented dial-up telephone lines) ment sheets, plot plans, etc.) that provides standard practices
pathways in case of extreme pathway interruptions. for field personnel modification of records/drawings, commu-
Protocols that require field personnel to coordinate all sta- nication of information, databasehawing revision, and change
tion activities with a control room offer an opportunity for a distribution and use. Recent facility modifications should be
second set of eyes to interrupt an error sequence. Critical sta- noted on station drawings for daily use by station personnel.
tions are identified and must be physically occupied if SCADA Station modifications more than 3 months old should be
communications are interrupted for specified periods of time. reflected on newly issued station drawings, records, and proce-
Proven reliable voice communications between the control cen- dures (including equipment labeling) and noted in achange log.
ter and field should be present. When a host computer provides
calculations and control functions in addition to local station Vibration monitoring program As a component of mainte-
logic, all control and alarm functions should be routinely tested nance or as a type of survey, a vibration monitoring program
from the data source all the way through final actions. might be appropriate in many stations. The details of a success-
As a means ofreducing human errors, the use of supervisory ful vibration monitoring program are highly situation specific.
control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and/or other PPM practices should define requirements to prevent excessive
safety-related systems, which provide for regular communica- vibrations that might shorten the service life of equipment and
tions between field operations and a central control, is normally endanger components subject to increased fatigue loading.
scored as an error reducer in the basic risk model. As a means of Industry practices are based on equipment types, specific
early problem detection and human error reduction, the pres- equipment vibration history, and general experience. The PPM
ence of a SCADA system and a control center that monitors in- program should consider susceptibility of equipment and
station transfer systems can be similarly scored as shown on exposed components and specify frequency of monitoring,
pages 126-128. type of monitoring, type of acceptable corrective actions, type
of early warning indicators, etc.
C3. Drug testing Score this item as described on page 128.
C6. Training Score this itemasdescribedonpages 129-131,
C4. Safetyprograms with additional considerations as discussed below.
For full risk-reduction credit under this variable, a compre-
Score this item as described on page 128. hensive and effective job needs analysis (JNA), job task analy-
Good “housekeeping” practices can be included under this sis (JTA), or job safety analysis (JSA) effort should document
risk variable. Housekeeping can include treatment of critical all current station personnel tasks related to design, construc-
equipment and materials so they are easily identifiable (using, tion, maintenance, operations, testing, emergency response,
for instance, a high-contrast or multiple-color scheme), easily and management activities (including contract positions).
accessible (next to work area or central storage building), Current employee skills, tasks, or knowledge that are consid-
clearly identified (signs, markings, ID tags) and clean (washed, ered important or required to safely and adequately operate the
painted, repaired). Housekeeping also includes general station should be identified for each tasWposition and used as
grounds maintenance so that tools, equipment, or debris are not the basis for qualification of personnel on each tasWposition
left unattended or equipment left disassembled. All safety- specific requirement.
related materials and equipment should be maintained in good Key position requirements are outlined and described in a
working order and replaced as recommended by the manufac- JNA, which is the basis for creating position descriptions.
turer. Station log and reference materials and drawings should Position descriptions outline primary responsibilities, tasks,
be current and easily accessible. authority, communications, training and testing levels, etc. Key
job task requirements are outlined and described and can form
C5. Suwey/maps/records Score this item as detailed on the basis for creating task-based procedures. Key job safety
pages 128-129. requirements can be outlined and described as the basis for cre-
For maximum risk-reduction credit under this evaluation, a ating safety-based procedures. There should be no recent his-
comprehensive and effective “documentation program” effort tory of station position-related problems.
should have captured all current station facility design, con- All training should be appropriate for the position type
struction, testing, maintenance, and operations related data and (design, operations, maintenance, etc.), effectiveness (com-
drawings. Current, or as-built, station data and drawings, which pleteness, appropriateness, retention, detail, etc.), best prac-
are considered important or required to adequately operate the tices (industry, company, etc.), method (written, verbal, video,
station, should be available at each station or easily accessible simulator, CBT [computer-based training], OJT [on-the-job
to station personnel. Key station activities and conditions data training], etc.), and needs. All testing should be consistent with