Page 12 - Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook

Sizing a gas metering run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 18: Tanks, 532
List of typical specifications for domestic and
commercial natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 Charts give vapor loss from internal floating-roof
Determine the number of purges for sample tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 Estimating the contents of horizontal cylindrical
Find the British thermal units (Btu) when the specific tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
gravity of a pipeline gas is known . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 How to gauge a horizontal cylindrical tank . . . . . . . . . 536
Estimate for variations in measurement factors . . . . . 485 Use nomograph to find tank capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Rules of measurement of gas by orifice meter . . . . . . 486 Correct the volume of light fuels from actual
How to measure high pressure gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 temperature to a base of 60°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Four ways to calculate orifice flow in field . . . . . . . . . 490 Volume of liquid in vertical cylindrical tanks . . . . . . . . 538
Practical maintenance tips for positive displacement Chart gives tank’s vapor formation rate . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Hand-held calculator program simplifies dike
Sizing headers for meter stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

16: Instrumentation, 500 19: Maintenance, 544

Types of control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
How to Plan for Oil Pipeline Spills . . . . . 545
Developments in Pipeline Regulatory requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Contingency plan objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Flow measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 Related studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Proving devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 Planning concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Contingency response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Acoustic line break detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Immediate response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
“Smart” pressure sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Immediate response actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Densitometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 Flexible response actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Pipeline samplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Pipeline monitoring systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Computer systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
SCADA systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 20: Economics, 552
Cathodic protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
System design guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Rule of thumb speeds payroll estimates . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Rule of thumb estimates optimum time to keep
Choosing the Right Technology for construction equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
How to estimate construction costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Integrated SCADA Communications . . 517
Cost estimating strategies for pipelines, stations,
terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
17: Leak Detection, 522
Time Value of Money: Concepts and
Pipeline Leak Detection Techniques . . . . 523 Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

Causes and economic aspects of leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Simple interest vs. compound interest . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Simple leak detection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 Nominal interest rate vs. effective annual interest
Pig-based monitoring systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Computer-based monitoring systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Present value of a single cash flow to be received in
Pipeline leak phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Background philosophy of pipeline modeling . . . . . . . 526 Future value of a single investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Basic pipeline modeling equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 The importance of cash flow diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Impact of instrument accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 Analyzing and valuing investments/projects with
System design aspects and guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 multiple or irregular cash flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Development of pipeline monitoring systems . . . . . . . 530 Perpetuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

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