Page 10 - Principles and Applications of NanoMEMS Physics

x Contents

4.3.1 Quantum Computing Paradigms 161
4.3.1.1 The Ion-Trap Qubit 162
4.3.1.2 The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Qubit 166
4.3.1.3 The Semiconductor Solid-State Qubit 178
4.3.1.4 Superconducting-Based Qubits 183
4.3.1.4.1 The Charge Qubit 186
4.3.1.4.2 The Flux Qubit 188
4.3.1.4.3 The Phase Qubit 190
4.4 Summary 191

5 NANOMEMS APPLICATIONS: PHOTONICS 193
5.1 Introduction 193
5.2 Surface Plasmons 194
5.2.1 Surface Plasmon Characteristics 195
5.3 Nanophotonics 197
5.3.1 Light-Surface Plasmon Transformation 197
5.3.2 One-Dimensional Surface Plasmon Propagation 199
5.3.2.1 SP Propagation in Narrow Metal Stripes 200
5.3.2.2 SP Propagation in Nanowires 200
5.3.2.3 SP Resonances in Single Metallic Nanoparticles 201
5.3.2.4 SP Coupling of Metallic Nanoparticles 202
5.3.2.5 Plasmonic Waveguides 203
5.3.3 Nanophotonic SP-Based Devices 204
5.3.4 Semiconducting Nanowires-Based Nanophotonics 207
5.4 Detection of Surface Plasmons 207
5.4.1 NSOM/SNOM 208
5.5 Summary 210

Appendices
A—Quantum Mechanics Primer 213
A.1 Introduction 213
A.2 Some Basic Laws Governing Quantum Systems 213
A.3 Harmonic Oscillator and Quantization 215
A.4 Creation and Annihilation Operators 216
A.5 Second Quantization 218
A.5.1 Field Operators 224
B—Bosonization 227
B.1 Introduction 227
B.2 Bosonization “Rules” 227
B.3 Bosonic Field Operators 232
B.4 Bosonization Identity and Its Application to
Hamiltonian with Linear Dispersion 233