Page 360 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

(2017)
(2019)
(2019)
(2017)
(2018)
(2019)
(2019)
Amin
Amin
al.
al.
al.
al.
al.
al.
al.
and
and
(2016)
(2016)
et
et
et
et
et
et
et
Ramli
Ramli
Tiong
Tiong
Tiong
Tiong
Guan
Jahar
Jahar
Ref.
yield
43.75
16.37
21.1 a
14.7 a
18.7 a
13.1 a
20.1 a
16.2
12.8
(%)
AL
Time
condition
10.0
10.0
12.2
12.2
10.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
(h)
Reaction
Temp.
105.0
105.0
200.0
78.4
( C)
78.4
90.0
90.0
180
180
Solvent
MeOH
MeOH
EtOH
EtOH
EtOH
EtOH
EtOH
EtOH
EtOH
palm trunk. palm oil OPT, fiber; mesocarp palm OPMF, oil frond;
oil
biomass. InCl 3 [HMIM] [HSO 4 ] InCl 3 [HMIM] [HSO 4 ] InCl 3 [HMIM] [HSO 4 ] InCl 3 [HMIM] [HSO 4 ] [SMIM][FeCl 4 ] [SMIM][FeCl 4 ] [HSO 3 -BMIM] [HSO 4 ] OPF,
lignocellulosic Catalyst H 2 SO 4 HCl MeOH, methanol; reaction.
from pressing pressing 160 C, at 177 C, at 160 C, at 177 C, at 155 C, at EtOH, ethanol; to esterification
synthesis by by production h production h production h production h production h reaction reaction bunch; subjected
levulinate Remark Extraction method Extraction method LA 5.0 LA 4.8 LA 5.0 LA 4.8 LA 3.7 One-step One-step fruit EFB, empty before LA to
Alkyl levulinate; feedstock
14.6 OPT OPT straw of
Table Biomass feedstocks Core Core EFB EFB OPMF OPMF OPF OPF Wheat Alkyl AL, a Hydrolysis