Page 361 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

(2019) (2019) (2017) (2019) (2017) (2019) Amin Amin (2018)

al. al. al. al. al. al. and and al.
et et et et et et (2016) (2016) et
Ref. Jahar Jahar Tiong Tiong Tiong Tiong Ramli Ramli Guan

yield trunk.
AL (%) 16.37 43.75 13.1 a 18.7 a 14.7 a 21.1 a 20.1 a 12.8 16.2
palm
oil OPT,
condition Time (h) 2.0 2.0 10.0 12.2 10.0 12.2 5.0 10.0 1.0 fiber;

Reaction Temp. ( C) 180 180 90.0 105.0 90.0 105.0 78.4 78.4 200.0 mesocarp palm

Solvent MeOH MeOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH OPMF, oil
frond;
palm
oil
biomass. InCl 3 [HMIM] [HSO 4 ] InCl 3 [HMIM] [HSO 4 ] InCl 3 [HMIM] [HSO 4 ] InCl 3 [HMIM] [HSO 4 ] [SMIM][FeCl 4 ] [SMIM][FeCl 4 ] [HSO 3 -BMIM] [HSO 4 ] OPF,

lignocellulosic Catalyst H 2 SO 4 HCl MeOH, methanol; reaction.

from pressing pressing 160 C, at 177 C, at 160 C, at 177 C, at 155 C, at EtOH, ethanol; to esterification
synthesis by by production h production h production h production h production h reaction reaction bunch; subjected

levulinate Remark Extraction method Extraction method LA 5.0 LA 4.8 LA 5.0 LA 4.8 LA 3.7 One-step One-step fruit EFB, empty before LA to

Alkyl levulinate; feedstock

14.6 OPT OPT straw of

Table Biomass feedstocks Core Core EFB EFB OPMF OPMF OPF OPF Wheat Alkyl AL, a Hydrolysis