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Three-Phase Photovoltaic Systems: Structures, Topologies, and Control 85

MPPT

(a)
MPPT

MPPT

MPPT

(b) MPPT MPPT

MPPT
MPPT

MPPT
MPPT

MPPT
MPPT
MPPT
(c) MPPT MPPT MPPT

FIGURE 4.15 Main maximum power point tracking (MPPT) structures: (a) central, (b) string, (c) module level.

4.4.9 Internal Active Power Reserve Management

Since the production of PV plants is determined by the available solar irradiance and therefore can
only be controlled downwards, in order for a PV plant to be able to provide FSM operation and PRL,
power reserve is necessary. This can be secured by either an external energy storage (e.g., battery
storage system) or an internal reserve, where the PV plant operates below the MPP power level, and
the curtailed power can be used as active power reserve (APR).