Page 636 - Rock Mechanics For Underground Mining

INDEX

Excavation (cont.) interior 215–7 Fissure water 3, 243, 256, 586
support ratio 334 modes, jointed rock 198, 227, 229, 231, see also Groundwater
thin tabular 299–301, 430–41 243, 328, 373, 378 Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC)
tunnel 115 pillar see Pillars 192, 195, 337, 438, 495, 498, 506
types 6 processes 3, 115 FLAC2D 442, 513, 514
zone of influence 3, 201–4, 202, 203, 277, rock mass vs structure 5, 200, 213 FLAC3D 192, 322, 323, 443, 453
348, 349, 481, 483, 498, 499, 500, 515 roof 227, 257, 261, 453 Flatjack measurements 148, 151–3, 152
see also Mine; Openings shear 105, 107, 125, 129, 229, 235, 241, Flooding, mine 50
Excavation Pyramid (EP) 244–7, 248–50 310, 373, 398, 444, 451, 469, 479, Floor
Excess Shear Stress (ESS) 432 489, 502 heave 224, 225, 453, 465
Explosive–rock interaction 521, 527 roof beam 229, 235, 241 rocks, bearing capacity of 365, 372, 390–1,
elastic models 521 sidewall 46, 211, 212 406, 435
Explosives 272, 518–20, 522, 528, 538, 542 slip 133, 205–8, 225, 226 support pressure 319, 320, 320
Absolute Strength Value (ASV) 519, 520 wedge size 264 Flow
brisance 520, 521 zones 200, 215, 216, 337, 417 ellipsoid 454, 455, 459
chemical 272, 518 Far-field behaviour 195, 201, 202, 306 gravity see Gravity flow
performance 520, 528, 538, 540 Far-field domain 349, 351 patterns 354, 456, 457, 458
properties 519, 521 Far West Rand, South Africa 486 theory 454–8
Relative Strength Value 520 Fault breccia 48 Flow rules 116–7
rock breakage 522 Fault gouge 48, 57, 65 associated 116–7
selection of 521 Faulting 48, 96, 146, 147, 308, 310, 352, 464, non-associated 322
see also Blasting 500 Fluorspar veins 145
Extended Mathews stability graph (or chart) and fracturing 52, 96, 147, 309, 351, 463 Folds 46–48,58
470 secondary structures 48 Foliation 23, 50, 114, 117, 224, 375, 563
Extensometer, rod 551 thrust 146, 308, 291 Force
Extraction Faults 12, 46–8, 69, 70, 146–7, 147, 302–3 body 17, 18, 25, 26, 38, 143, 168, 175, 187,
area 509 conjugate 146 188, 257, 263
drifts 363, 457, 459, 461, 462, 473 defined 47 contact 190, 191, 194, 466
harmonic 517 Excess Shear Stress (ESS) 432, 432 d’Alembert inertial 282
headings 6 and friction 158, 303–4 horizontal 257, 259, 260, 270
level 356, 367, 369, 471–8, 477, 561, 561–3 and mining method 353, 363 nodal 184, 187–9, 196
partial 387, 434, 435, 482, 515, 516 static shear strength 303, 304, 432 normal 18, 120, 123–5, 127, 190, 262–3
rate 467 stress drop on 304, 311, 432 reinforcement 329
ratio 11, 271, 293, 377, 384, 386–9, 389, and stress trajectories 208 shear, roof prism 256–9
392, 393, 394, 435, 474, 516 Fault slip 301–4, 308, 404–5, 431, 432, 535, support 2, 2, 242, 256–61, 256, 286, 328–9,
sequence 9, 165, 301, 396, 397, 400–03, 536 409
402, 405, 417, 426, 429 Field stress 16, 142–61 surface 2, 17, 256, 257–9, 262–3, 271, 272,
system design 13, 361, 368, 465 and equilibrium 158 286, 289
volume 387 superposition of 167, 180, 183, 184 vertical 255–63, 329, 442, 469
tensor 142 Force-displacement curves 88, 92–4, 93,94,
Face element method 180, 301, 489 from borehole strain 148 96–7, 97, 137
Face support 218, 272, 345, 436, 439, 441, measurements 147–61 Force-displacement laws 190
446, 447, 448 Fill Fracture
Factor of Safety (F of S) 233, 235, 240, 241, back see Backfill brittle 86, 117, 321, 434, 467
257, 259, 261, 266, 328–38, 383–6, composite see rockfill in excavation periphery 318, 439, 544
386, 388, 389, 391–3, 394, 405, 406, hydraulic 363, 410 extension 398, 558
418, 422, 444, 447, 489, 493, 494 paste see Paste fill generation 143
crushing 233, 240, 277, 289, 301, 392, 404 sand see Sandfill hydraulic 161
shear failure 235, 241, 422, 444, 489 stress measurements 552–3 induced 155, 242, 409, 421–2, 451, 545
vertical sliding 493 Filling initiation 4, 96, 113, 373, 398
Failure defined 426 mechanics 110–1, 110, 524
boundary 199, 200, 214, 215, 221, 222, 587 practice 426 mechanisms 3, 96
by buckling 229, 231, 233, 235, 238–40, Finite difference methods 189–95, 193, 332, in point load test 97
317, 375, 439, 451, 559 335–7, 428, 453, 495, 513, 522, 527 shear 96, 107, 119, 373, 436, 444, 558
in compression testing 96 Finite element method 183–9, 184, 188, 442, and state of stress 146–7, 153–5, 525–6
compressive 146, 197, 213, 214, 222, 235, 513 tensile 96, 108
406 displacement variation 184, 186, 189 toughness 111
criterion 111, 157, 197, 198, 213, 214–6, equivalent nodal forces 187, 189 uniaxial compression 88–9, 95–6
396, 398, 400, 526 stress analysis 442 zones 108, 213, 219, 463
and discontinuity spacing 333, 437 Finland 428 estimating extent of 213, 463
in dykes 391, 430, 433, 436, 485, 488, 496, Fisher radius 322
497 constant 75, 76 Fractures
hangingwall 50, 439, 486, 502 distribution 75 closure pressure 154

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