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Sustainable Industrial Design and Waste Management
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according to the awareness level, type of industry, and industrial estate and
accordingly type of raw material/waste generated, culture, available infor-
mation, etc. Some case studies will be handled in some detail and others will
be handled very briefly for the sake of demonstrating different ideas, method-
ologies, concepts, criteria, etc.

Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park, Denmark (Indigo
Development 2006)
Kalundborg is a typical example to demonstrate the benefits and methodology
of implementing industrial ecology within an existing industrial estate toward
an eco-industrial park (EIP). The example of Kalundborg is often quoted because
it is simple enough to demonstrate the idea of an industrial ecosystem. More-
over, it helps to visualize the benefits of industrial ecology and the main cri-
teria for the implementation of such ecosystems as well as the way the
methodology of industrial ecology was structured.
As discussed in this chapter, industrial ecology can be defined as “a
manmade artificial ecosystem that follows the natural ecosystem”. The
main point behind this definition is to eliminate the words waste/pollution
from manmade systems, and replace them with raw material or byproduct.
If this is applied, then this definition will be more accurate, leading to an
overall increase in efficiency – “eco-efficiency”.
Kalundborg was not planned to be an eco-industrial network in the
first place. Gradually, a network of industries has slowly developed over
30 years resulting in the formation of an industrial ecosystem or symbiosis.
The case of Kalundborg started in 1961 with an idea to reduce the limited
supplies of underground water usage and replace it with surface water from
Lake Tisso. The first company to start this idea was an oil refinery called
Statoil. The first partnership was between the city of Kalundborg which took
the responsibility of constructing the pipelines and the oil refinery which
financed the project. Building on this first project were other projects where
the parties concerned started to realize the benefits from this partnership.
Nowadays, Kalundborg is one of the largest complexes in which a mutual
exchange of input and output is applied between different industrial organi-
zations. The main partners in this industrial complex are the following
(Saikkuu, 2006):

• Asnaes Power Station, Denmark’s largest coal fired power plant, pro-
ducing electricity with a capacity of 1,500 MW – it produces heat for
the town of Kalundborg (4,500 households) and other industries in
the estate.
• Statoil refinery, Denmark’s largest oil refinery, with a capacity of 3.2
million tons/yr and expanded to 4.8 million tons/yr recently.
• Gyproc, a Swedish company producing 14 million square meters of
gypsum wallboard (plasterboard) annually.