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Sustainable Development and Industrial Ecology
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• Novo Nordisk, a multinational biotechnological company produc-
ing pharmaceuticals including 40% of the world’s supply of insulin
and industrial enzymes with annual sales over $2 billion.
• The Municipality of Kalundborg supplies district heating to the 20,000
residents, as well as water to the homes and industries.

Other partners joined the symbiosis based on the waste of the core partners
as a byproduct. They ended up with the following added partners as will be
explained later in detail:

• Bioteknisk Jordrens Soilrem – a soil remediation company that joined
the symbiosis in 1998.
• Fish farm – consists of 57 fish ponds.
• Fertilizer farm.
• Cement company – Aalborg Portland and road paving.
• Kemira – a sulfuric acid producer.

The history of structuring Kalundborg
The history of structuring Kalundborg as an eco-industrial park was based
mainly on individual and independent agreements according to the follow-
ing time history and as shown in Figures 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3:

• In 1959 the Asnaes power station commissioned.
• In 1961 the Statoil refinery commissioned. The oil refinery started to
utilize water from Lake Tisso through a pipeline that was financed by
the refinery and built by Kalundborg city.
– Saving the underground water resources.
– Driving force: Enforcing community regulation/requirement.

1. Surface
2. Gas 1972 Statoil water 1961
refinery Lake Tisso
Gyproc 3. 1973

NovoNordisk
Asnaes
power station
Novozymes

The Municipality
of Kalundborg

FIGURE 3.1 Kalundborg industrial symbiosis in 1975 (Saikkuu, 2006)