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Notes
Introduction
1. Allan Little, Moral Combat: NATO at War (London: BBC 2, March 12,
2000).
2. Used interchangeably with “former Yugoslavia.”
3. As a phrase, the CNN effect emerged after the 1991 Gulf War to
describe a number of alleged influences on war-related diplomacy and
foreign policy from the broadcasts of newly formed global television
news networks such as CNN. Others have linked the phrase to events
that preceded the 1991 Gulf War, such as the Vietnam War, Live Aid,
the Tiananmen Square Massacre, and the collapse of the Berlin Wall
and Soviet Block.
4. The battles between the FRY and KLA over the one-year period before
the NATO intervention fit the definition of a civil war as they were
amongst organized groups within a state and involved over 1,000
deaths including at least 100 on each side. See James D. Fearon and
David D. Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War,” American
Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (2003): 75–90.
1 The CNN Effect
1. Philip Taylor, Global Communications, International Affairs and the
Media since 1945 (London: Rutledge, 1997), 119.
2. Frank Stech, “Winning CNN Wars,” Parameters 24, no. 3 (1994): 37.
3. Susan Carruthers, The Media at War: Communication and Conflict in
the Twentieth Century (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000),
Introduction. Its external arm, CNN International, grew its revenues
from $3.6 million to over $100 million in the three years following the
Gulf War. Taylor, Global Communications, 95.
4. Stech, “Winning CNN Wars,” 38.
5. Martin Shaw, Civil Society and Media in Global Crisis (London:
St. Martin’s Press, 1993), 88.
6. Interview with Brent Scowcroft, in Eamonn Matthews and Ben
Loeterman, The Gulf War: Frontline PBS Documentary, Videocassette,
Boston, MA: WBGH Boston, 1996.
7. Piers Robinson, The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy and
Intervention (London: Routledge, 2002), 10–11.