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NOTES
42. Philip Seib refers to this divide as a tension, defining the CNN effect
as the “dynamic tension that exists between real-time television news
and policymaking . . .,” Philip Seib, The Global Journalist: News and
Conscience in a World of Conflict (Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield, 2002), 27.
43. According to Nicholas Wheeler, it was widely suggested that “The
Kurds were rescued because Major and Bush realized that to leave them
to their fate would be unacceptable in the eyes of public opinion.”
Nicholas Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in
International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 165.
44. Whereas the agenda-setting effect describes how the attention and
resources of policymakers are reordered based on media coverage, it
does not assume any pressure for a certain policy outcome such as mil-
itary intervention. The challenging effect, however, does assume the
actual substance of a nonintervention policy will shift toward a policy
of intervention.
45. Taylor, Global Communications, 59.
46. See Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the
Interlinked Economy (London: Collins, 1990), and The End of the
Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies (New York: Free Press,
1995).
47. See George Kennan, “Somalia: Through a Glass Darkly,” The New York
Times, September 30, 1993, A25, and Hoge Jr., “Media Pervasiveness.”
48. This awareness, however, should not be confused with any notions of
homogeneity.
49. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO), Statistical Yearbook 1999 (Paris: UNESCO, 1999).
50. Satellites further promote this reach by transmitting images and infor-
mation to anywhere on the planet, as long as the right reception tech-
nology is available.
51. David Held, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt, and Jonathan
Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economy and Culture
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999), 359.
52. Ibid., 358.
53. “Iran Bans Satellite Dishes,” Wall Street Journal, April 6, 1994, A16.
54. These organizations are called newswire services because they have
sent stories by telegraph to a subscriber base of newspapers for over
100 years. Reuters and the Associated Press both date back 150 years.
55. Claude Moisy, “The Foreign News Flow in the Information Age,”
(Cambridge, MA: The Joan Shorenstein Center Research on the
Press, Politics, and Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of
Government, Harvard University, 1996), 5–6; It should be noted,
however, that CNN’s news is exclusively video (except for its internet-
based news), while those of the news-gathering organizations are
mostly text based.