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Norris, Montague Kern, and Marion Just (New York: Routledge,
2003), 113–132.
74. Wolfsfeld, Media and Political Conflict, 40.
75. Ibid.
2
Demonstrating the
CNN Effect
1. Gowing, “Real-Time Television Coverage,” 28.
2. C. Hines, “Pity, Not US Security, Motivated Use of GIs in Somalia,
Bush Says’, The Houston Chronicle, October 24, 1999.
3. Gowing, “Real-Time Television Coverage,” 2.
4. Nik Gowing, “Real-Time TV Coverage from War: Does It Make or
Break Government Policy?” in Bosnia by Television, ed. James Gow,
Richard Paterson, and Alison Preston (London: British Film Institute
Publishing, 1996), 85.
5. Ibid.
6. Cited in Carruthers, Media at War, 208.
7. Strobel, Late-Breaking Foreign Policy.
8. Ted Koppel, “The Perils of Info-Democracy,” in Managing Global
Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict, ed. Chester
Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall (Washington, DC:
United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996). NOTES 191
9. Larry Minear, Colin Scott, and Thomas Weiss, The News Media, Civil
Wars, and Humanitarian Action (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner,
1997).
10. Carruthers, Media at War, 208.
11. Robinson, “The CNN Effect: Can the News Media Drive Foreign
Policy?” 304–305.
12. Piers Robinson, “World Politics and Media Power: Problems of
Research Design,” Media, Culture & Society 22, no. 2 (2000): 228.
13. Carruthers, Media at War, 208–210.
14. Similar interview-based studies on the role of public opinion had also
concluded that foreign policy–makers were largely unrestrained in
their decision-making by such influences. Bernard C. Cohen, The
Public’s Impact on Foreign Policy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973).
15. Robinson, “World Politics,” 228.
16. Gowing, “Real-Time TV Coverage from War,” 85.
17. Livingston and Bennett, “Gatekeepers,” 373.
18. Shaw, Civil Society and Media in Global Crisis, 79–95.
19. Ibid., 87.
20. Ibid., 86.
21. Ibid., 88.
22. Ibid.
23. Cited in ibid., 95.