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NOTES
91. Quoted in Entman, Projections of Power, 95.
92. Robin Brown, “Clausewitz in the Age of CNN: Rethinking the
Military-Media Relationship,” in Framing Terrorism: The News
Media, the Government and the Public, ed. Pippa Norris, Montague
Kern, and Marion Just (New York: Routledge, 2003), 51.
93. W. Lance Bennett, “Towards a Theory of Press-State Relations in the
United States,” Journal of Communication 40, no. 2 (1990).
94. John Zaller and Dennis Chiu, “Government’s Little Helper: US
Press Coverage of Foreign Policy Crisis, 1946–1999,” in Decision
Making in a Glass House: Mass Media, Public Opinion, and
American and European Foreign Policy in the 21st Century, ed.
Brigitte Nacos, Robert Shapiro, and Pierangelo Isernia (Lanhan,
MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2000), 61–63.
95. Hallin, The Uncensored War.
96. Bennett, “Towards a Theory,” 103–125.
97. Mermin, Debating War and Peace, 143.
98. Mermin, for example, omits non-American sources from his analysis,
arguing that such sources have no credibility with American audi-
ences. To support his case, he cites Iraqi rhetoric on holy war during
the prelude to the 1991 Gulf War, which held no sway with
Americans. While Mermin may be correct it this extreme example,
there may be other cases in which foreign sources could, in fact, influ-
ence American opinion. Following the 2003 Iraq War, for example,
television images of Iraqis not welcoming the Americans as liberators,
as many had assumed, could certainly influence American opinion on
the War, as could the comments of UK prime minister Tony Blair,
who was extremely popular in the United States at the time. By not
including foreign sources in an analysis of media-policy relations on
a particular international issue, Mermin is likely biasing his research
results. Ibid., 13.
99. Scott L. Althaus, “When News Norms Collide, Follow the Lead:
New Evidence of Press Independence,” Political Communication
20, no. 4 (2003): 381–414.
100. Ibid., 402.
101. A foreign policy crisis is defined by the authors as “an emergency sit-
uation in which the United States uses, threatens to use, or consid-
ers using military force or aid as a means to pursue foreign policy
objectives. Major escalations of force within an ongoing crisis are also
considered foreign policy crises.” Zaller and Chiu, “Government’s
Little Helper,” 63–64.
102. Ibid., 68.
103. Mermin, Debating War and Peace, 108.
104. Robin Brown, “Covering the War: The Media Management
Paradox and the Gulf War” (paper presented at the International
Studies Association 2004 Conference, Montreal, Canada, March 17,
2004), 11.